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Adolescence & Emerging Adulthood > Biological Foundations > Flashcards

Biological Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 things does puberty trigger?

A
  1. physical changes
  2. sexual changes
  3. brain changes
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2
Q

List some of the things that puberty influences.

A
  • sleep needs
  • mood
  • nutrition
  • activity
  • personal responses
  • social responses
  • parental relationships
  • cultural responses
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3
Q

What are some personal responses to puberty?

A
  • feel more grown up
  • feel more socially mature
  • prestige in peer groups
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4
Q

Describe asynchronous growth.

A

Not all body parts grow at the same time and rate

  • extremities first (hands, feed, head)
  • followed by arms and legs
  • torso, chest, shoulders last
  • leads to a gangly look
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5
Q

What are some psychological responses to puberty?

A
  • increased self-consciousness
  • increased self-awareness
  • increased awareness of others’ perceptions
  • embarrassment
  • stress
  • more social comparison (media, peers)
  • body image concerns
  • heightened emotions/mood swings
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6
Q

What things change between a parent and a child during puberty?

A
  • relationships become less close
  • increased conflict
  • less physical closeness
  • navigating new roles
  • trial and error period for both parent and child
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7
Q

What are some changes in sleep needs as puberty begins? (3)

A
  • often struggle to fall asleep before 11am
  • difficulty waking up/being alert before 8am
  • social factors play into sleep schedules
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8
Q

What is a delayed phase preference?

A

late bedtime and late wake time

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9
Q

What negative health outcomes does reduced sleep lead to?

A
  • increased obesity

- decreased physical activity

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10
Q

What negative psychosocial outcomes does reduced sleep lead to?

A
  • increased depression, anxiety, withdrawal
  • increased irritability, emotionality, emotional instability
  • increased fearfulness, aggression and hyperactivity
  • decreased self esteem
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11
Q

What negative school performance outcomes does reduced sleep lead to?

A
  • decreased grades
  • decreased cognitive functioning (memory, learning, attention, decision making)
  • increased absences and tardiness
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12
Q

What negative behavioural outcomes does reduced sleep lead to?

A
  • increased risky behaviours:
  • unprotected sexual activity
  • smoking, drinking, drugs
  • risky driving behaviours
  • drowsy driving
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13
Q

What are the 2 main areas of variation in puberty?

A

Onset and duration

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14
Q

True or false, puberty is influenced by your genetics.

A

TRUE

  • genes are the major influence on the onset and the tempo of puberty
  • not a single gene responsible
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15
Q

True or false, only the genes from your same-sex parent influence your experience with puberty.

A

FALSE

- genes from both parents influence onset of puberty

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16
Q

True or false, puberty onset is the same for boys and girls.

A

FALSE

  • Girls: between 8-14 years
  • Boys: between 10-16 years
17
Q

What is the significance of of the 2 year difference between the onset of puberty in boys and girls?

A

Contributes to the overall height differences between males and females. Children grow steadily until they hit puberty, then they hit a spurt and stop growing. Boys have 2 extra years of this steady growing before they hit their spurt.

18
Q

True or false, timing of puberty is associated with negative health outcomes.

A

TRUE

  • earlier onset: associated with improved nutrition and health and increased obesity in females
  • later onset: associated with malnutrition, chronic disease, increased exercise/activity
19
Q

True or false, the number of older siblings you have influences the timing of your puberty.

A

FALSE

- no link between number of older siblings and puberty

20
Q

True or false, the number of younger siblings you have influences the timing of your puberty.

A

FALSE

- no link between number of younger siblings and puberty

21
Q

True or false, altitude has an influence on timing of puberty.

A

TRUE

  • onset is later in higher altitudes (~3 months/100m increase)
  • possible factors: poor nutrition, hypoxia, energy expenditure
22
Q

True or false, exposure to toxins in the environment has an impact on puberty.

A

TRUE

  • more toxins = early onset
  • still need more studies
23
Q

True or false, exposure to stressors in the environment has an impact on puberty.

A

TRUE

  • earlier for girls living in high stress environments
  • family stress, economic stress, abuse
24
Q

True or false, social class has an impact on onset of puberty?

A

TRUE

  • earlier in girls from higher income families and in urban centres
  • earlier onset in lower SES as well
25
Q

What are some consequences of early puberty onset for girls? (12)

A
  • less popular
  • self-consciousness
  • body image concerns
  • depression
  • lower-self esteem
  • involvement with older boys
  • parental conflict
  • delinquency
  • substance use
  • school difficulties
  • envied by other girls (social prestige)
  • attention from boys
26
Q

What are some consequences of early puberty onset for boys? (10)

A
  • more positive self-images
  • athletic advantages
  • popularity with peers
  • leadership, maturity
  • less parental conflict
  • early romantic relationships
  • achieve greater success later on in life
  • more delinquency, substance use, sex
  • depression
  • school difficulties
27
Q

What are some consequences of late puberty onset for girls? (7)

A
  • depression and anxiety
  • teasing
  • late daters
  • social disadvantage later in life
  • self-conscious
  • negative body image pre-puberty
  • more positive body image after puberty
28
Q

What are some consequences of late puberty onset for boys? (8)

A
  • depression and anxiety
  • less athletic and attractive
  • teasing/less popular
  • self-conscious
  • negative self-perceptions
  • increased alcohol use, delinquency
  • lower grades
  • social initiative, curiosity, more creative, insightful
29
Q

What is the best case scenario for onset of puberty in girls?

A

On time

30
Q

What is the worst case scenario for onset of puberty in girls?

A

Early

31
Q

What is the best case scenario for onset of puberty in boys?

A

Early

32
Q

What is the worst case scenario for onset of puberty in boys?

A

Late

33
Q

What are some general trends of late puberty?

A
  • out of sync with peers
  • physical disadvantages
  • social disadvantages
34
Q

What are some general trends of early puberty?

A
  • out of sync with peers
  • unprepared for changes (emotionally, intellectually)
  • lack support
  • interaction with older peers (exposure to delinquent behaviours)
35
Q

Describe the maturational deviance hypothesis

A

adolescents who develop earlier or later than their peers experience psychological distress and behavioural problems

  • worst for those who deviate the most from the norm
  • it is hard to be different/stand out
36
Q

What is the puberty conundrum?

A

earlier onset is associated with better health/nutrition, living conditions and higher SES
BUT
also associated with higher academic, behavioural, social and emotional problems

37
Q

What are some positive features of emerging adulthood?

A
  • fewer hormonal changes
  • fewer physical changes (fully developed sexually)
  • peak psychical health
  • peak immune system
38
Q

What are some negative features of emerging adulthood?

A
  • more likely to adopt unhealthy behaviours (eating habits, sleep, substance use, stress)
  • at greatest risk for death from risky behaviours (homicide, car accidents)
  • greatest risk for STIs

Adolescence & Emerging Adulthood (7 decks)

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