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Child Development > Family Relationships > Flashcards

Family Relationships Flashcards

1
Q

What is discipline?

A
  • the set of strategies parents use to teach their children how to behave appropriately
  • effective if child stops engaging in inappropriate behaviour and engages in appropriate behaviour instead
  • ideally leads to internalization
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2
Q

What is internalization?

A
  • the process by which children learn and accept the reasons for desired behaviour
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3
Q

How can a caregiver foster internalization?

A
  • reasoning that focuses on the effects of a behaviour on someone else is best strategy for promoting internalization
  • teaches empathy
  • reasoning has to be combined with psychological pressure to foster internalization
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4
Q

What is the sweet spot of psychological pressure?

A
  • slightly raised voice and disapproving look
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5
Q

What happens if there is too little psychological pressure?

A
  • child disobeys and ignores message
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6
Q

What happens if there is too much psychological pressure?

A
  • child is obedient but only because they feel forced to do it
  • will only comply of there is a risk of being caught
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7
Q

What are some guidelines to disciplining young children?

A
  • show and tell
  • set limits
  • give consequences
  • hear them out
  • give them your attention
  • catch them being good
  • know when not to respond
  • be prepared for trouble
  • redirect bad behaviour
  • call a time out
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8
Q

What are the 2 dimensions of parenting?

A
  • discipline/control
  • sensitivity/support/warmth
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9
Q

What is the discipline/control dimension?

A
  • extent to which parents monitor and manage their children’s behaviour through rules and consequences
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10
Q

What is the sensitivity/support/warmth dimension?

A
  • extent to which parents mirror their children and are responsive to them
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11
Q

What are the parenting styles?

A
  • authoritative
  • authoritarian
  • permissive
  • uninvolved
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12
Q

What is authoritative parenting?

A
  • high sensitivity/warmth and discipline
  • attentive and responsive to child’s needs and concerns and respect the child’s perspective
  • set clear standards and limits for their children and are firm and consistent about enforcement, but also allow autonomy within those limits
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13
Q

What is the effect of authoritative parenting on kids?

A
  • good self confidence
  • socially skilled; tend to have many friends and are well liked
  • internalizes adults’ expectations and behave accordingly
  • do well academically
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14
Q

What is authoritarian parenting?

A
  • high in discipline, but low in sensitivity
  • cold and unresponsive to child’s needs
  • expect child to comply with parent’s desires without question
  • exercise power by using threats, punishments, psychological control
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15
Q

What is the effect of authoritarian parenting on kids?

A
  • creates hostility in children towards parents
  • may be obedient in front of parent but tend to not internalize parent’s message
  • more likely to rebel against parent’s rules, especially in adolescence
  • lower in self confidence and generally higher levels of mental problems
  • lower social competence
  • more behavioural problems, like aggression and delinquency
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16
Q

What is permissive parenting?

A
  • high in sensitivity, but low in discipline
  • responsive to child’s needs and wishes but overly lenient
  • do not require child to regulate themselves or act in appropriate ways
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17
Q

What is the effect of permissive parenting on kids?

A
  • higher in impulsivity and tend to struggle with self control
  • lower in academic achievement
  • more behavioural problems, like aggression and delinquency
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18
Q

What is uninvolved parenting?

A
  • low in discipline and sensitivity
  • generally disengaged from parenting
  • sometimes rejecting and neglectful
  • focused on their own needs instead of children’s needs
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19
Q

What is the effect of uninvolved parenting on kids?

A
  • struggle with self worth and mental health problems
  • insecure attachment
  • low in social competence
  • low academic achievement
  • more behavioural problems
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20
Q

What is moms parenting like?

A
  • spend on average, even those that work, 1.5 hours more with their children than dads
  • more likely to provide physical care and emotional support to children
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21
Q

What is dads parenting like?

A
  • more likely to play with children than moms
22
Q

What is parenting like across cultures?

A
  • many similarities
  • all parents teach about good and bad behaviour very often and are least likely to use love withdrawal
  • some differences
  • Italian parents are most likely to yell or scold
  • Kenyan parents are most likely to threaten or use punishment, but least likely to take away privileges
23
Q

What are cultural differences in the effects of parenting practices on children?

A
  • Chinese/Chinese American parents are more likely to use authoritarian parenting style
  • authoritarian parenting has fewer negative consequences for Chinese/Chinese American children
  • positive association between authoritative parenting and positive outcomes in children for both European Americans and Chinese children but this association is weaker for Chinese children
  • suggests that authoritative parenting is best across cultures, but authoritarian parenting is less harmful in cultures where it is the norm
24
Q

Is spanking bad?

A
  • 60% of children worldwide experience regular physical punishment
  • rates are higher in countries where authoritarian parenting is the norm
  • negative outcomes found across cultural groups
  • research shows spanking is bad
  • in the United Nations, spanking is a form of violence against children that violates human right to be protected from violence
25
Q

What effects does spanking have on children?

A

the more children are spanked, the:
- less they comply and the more aggressive they are
- more problematic relationship with parents
- more mental health problems they have
- lower their self esteem

26
Q

What are parent-child interactions?

A
  • bidirectional
  • each influences and reinforces the other’s behaviour
  • can create both positive and negative cycles
27
Q

What’s a positive parent-child cycle?

A

positivity in child <–> parental warmth

28
Q

What is the coercive cycle?

A
  • parent makes request or says no
  • child disobeys
  • parent gets angry and yells
  • child yells/throws tantrum
  • parent yells
  • parent gives up or succeeds
  • gives up: reinforces child’s tantrum
  • succeeds: reinforces harsh parenting
29
Q

What is the role of shared genes in the parent-child interaction?

A
  • parent’s and children’s behaviour can also both be caused by the genes they share
30
Q

What are the implication to the bidirectionality of the parent-child relationship?

A
  • a correlation between parenting and a child’s behaviour could be due to parenting practices, the child’s behaviour and/or shared genes
  • parenting practices are not solely responsible for children’s outcomes
31
Q

What is the importance of longitudinal research?

A
  • only way of definitively showing bidirectional relationship between children’s behaviour and parenting practices
32
Q

What do “older” first time parents tend to have?

A
  • more education and higher income
  • fewer children
  • less likely to get divorced in first 10 years
  • more authoritative parenting
33
Q

What is the difference with same sex parents?

A
  • children raised by same sex parents are no different than children raised by different sex parents
  • similar mental health, social competence, sexual orientation, and academic achievement
  • shows that parenting style matters, not parents’ sexual orientation
34
Q

How many marriages end in divorce?

A
  • 35 - 42%
35
Q

How does divorce impact the child?

A
  • initially, divorce negatively impacts children’s well being
  • kids show more depression, lower, self esteem, more behavioural problems, and do worse academically
36
Q

Does a child’s age affect their adjustment to divorce?

A
  • younger kids (grade 1-5) whose parents divorced shows more internalizing symptoms (depression, anxiety) vs. older and no divorce kids
  • younger kids whose parents divorced shows more externalizing symptoms (aggression, disobedience, impulsivity)
  • older kids (grades 6-10) whose parents divorced had poorer academic performance
37
Q

Do negative effects of divorce last?

A
  • negative effects of divorce on children tend not to last long
  • differences in well being of adults whose parents divorced vs adults whose parents stayed married are very small (10% separation, 90% overlap)
38
Q

When do children have a harder time adjusting to divorce and do worse?

A
  • multiple changes (divorce, new home, new school, etc)
  • ongoing conflict between parents/steparents
39
Q

How does ongoing conflict between parents after divorce effect the child?

A
  • puts child in the middle and in the role of mediator
  • guilt inducing
  • feel like they have to choose
40
Q

When do children have an easier time adjusting to divorce?

A
  • if parents and stepparents are able to be civil and communicate directly with each other
  • if parents show high levels of sensitivity/warmth
41
Q

When is divorce a good thing?

A
  • if parents were engages in a lot of conflict before getting divorced
  • kids’ psychological well being improves after divorce if parents had a lot of conflict (psychological distress decreases and happiness increases)
42
Q

What is the role of siblings?

A
  • can be friends and support each other
  • can be competitive for resources, like toys and parental attention
43
Q

What does a negative sibling relationship predict?

A
  • more depression
  • more social withdrawal
  • more problem behaviours
44
Q

What are predictors of positive sibling relationship?

A
  • siblings are treated equally by parents
  • parents get along with each other
45
Q

What happens if siblings are not treated euqally by parents?

A
  • if favouring happens, the least favourite child’s well being suffers
  • differential treatment less detrimental if the least favoured child views it as justified, is older sibling, is growing up in a collectivist culture
46
Q

Why is parents getting along important?

A
  • modelling a positive relationship with family member
  • if parents are engaged in a lot of conflict, parental attention may because a scare resource that siblings feel the need to compete for
47
Q

Why are siblings so different sometimes?

A
  • differences in temperament
  • differences in parental treatment
  • differences in family context
48
Q

What is the myth of birth order personality?

A
  • research consistently shows no meaningful effects on birth order on personality and intelligence
49
Q

How does low SES affect children’s development?

A
  • lower academic achievement
  • more behaviour problems
  • more depression and anxiety
50
Q

Why does low SES negatively affect children’s development?

A
  • material hardships
  • negative effect of low SES on parenting
  • amount of time parents can spend with their child is lower
  • creates stress which can lead to poor parental mental health, harsh parenting, and marital conflict
51
Q

How does high SES affect children/adolescents?

A
  • increased drug and alcohol use
  • more delinquent behaviour
  • more depression and anxiety
52
Q

Why does high SES negatively affect children?

A
  • parents spending more time at work
  • high pressure to achieve and excel

Child Development (12 decks)

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