Family Relationships Flashcards
1
Q
What is discipline?
A
- the set of strategies parents use to teach their children how to behave appropriately
- effective if child stops engaging in inappropriate behaviour and engages in appropriate behaviour instead
- ideally leads to internalization
2
Q
What is internalization?
A
- the process by which children learn and accept the reasons for desired behaviour
3
Q
How can a caregiver foster internalization?
A
- reasoning that focuses on the effects of a behaviour on someone else is best strategy for promoting internalization
- teaches empathy
- reasoning has to be combined with psychological pressure to foster internalization
4
Q
What is the sweet spot of psychological pressure?
A
- slightly raised voice and disapproving look
5
Q
What happens if there is too little psychological pressure?
A
- child disobeys and ignores message
6
Q
What happens if there is too much psychological pressure?
A
- child is obedient but only because they feel forced to do it
- will only comply of there is a risk of being caught
7
Q
What are some guidelines to disciplining young children?
A
- show and tell
- set limits
- give consequences
- hear them out
- give them your attention
- catch them being good
- know when not to respond
- be prepared for trouble
- redirect bad behaviour
- call a time out
8
Q
What are the 2 dimensions of parenting?
A
- discipline/control
- sensitivity/support/warmth
9
Q
What is the discipline/control dimension?
A
- extent to which parents monitor and manage their children’s behaviour through rules and consequences
10
Q
What is the sensitivity/support/warmth dimension?
A
- extent to which parents mirror their children and are responsive to them
11
Q
What are the parenting styles?
A
- authoritative
- authoritarian
- permissive
- uninvolved
12
Q
What is authoritative parenting?
A
- high sensitivity/warmth and discipline
- attentive and responsive to child’s needs and concerns and respect the child’s perspective
- set clear standards and limits for their children and are firm and consistent about enforcement, but also allow autonomy within those limits
13
Q
What is the effect of authoritative parenting on kids?
A
- good self confidence
- socially skilled; tend to have many friends and are well liked
- internalizes adults’ expectations and behave accordingly
- do well academically
14
Q
What is authoritarian parenting?
A
- high in discipline, but low in sensitivity
- cold and unresponsive to child’s needs
- expect child to comply with parent’s desires without question
- exercise power by using threats, punishments, psychological control
15
Q
What is the effect of authoritarian parenting on kids?
A
- creates hostility in children towards parents
- may be obedient in front of parent but tend to not internalize parent’s message
- more likely to rebel against parent’s rules, especially in adolescence
- lower in self confidence and generally higher levels of mental problems
- lower social competence
- more behavioural problems, like aggression and delinquency
16
Q
What is permissive parenting?
A
- high in sensitivity, but low in discipline
- responsive to child’s needs and wishes but overly lenient
- do not require child to regulate themselves or act in appropriate ways
17
Q
What is the effect of permissive parenting on kids?
A
- higher in impulsivity and tend to struggle with self control
- lower in academic achievement
- more behavioural problems, like aggression and delinquency
18
Q
What is uninvolved parenting?
A
- low in discipline and sensitivity
- generally disengaged from parenting
- sometimes rejecting and neglectful
- focused on their own needs instead of children’s needs
19
Q
What is the effect of uninvolved parenting on kids?
A
- struggle with self worth and mental health problems
- insecure attachment
- low in social competence
- low academic achievement
- more behavioural problems
20
Q
What is moms parenting like?
A
- spend on average, even those that work, 1.5 hours more with their children than dads
- more likely to provide physical care and emotional support to children
21
Q
What is dads parenting like?
A
- more likely to play with children than moms
22
Q
What is parenting like across cultures?
A
- many similarities
- all parents teach about good and bad behaviour very often and are least likely to use love withdrawal
- some differences
- Italian parents are most likely to yell or scold
- Kenyan parents are most likely to threaten or use punishment, but least likely to take away privileges
23
Q
What are cultural differences in the effects of parenting practices on children?
A
- Chinese/Chinese American parents are more likely to use authoritarian parenting style
- authoritarian parenting has fewer negative consequences for Chinese/Chinese American children
- positive association between authoritative parenting and positive outcomes in children for both European Americans and Chinese children but this association is weaker for Chinese children
- suggests that authoritative parenting is best across cultures, but authoritarian parenting is less harmful in cultures where it is the norm
24
Q
Is spanking bad?
A
- 60% of children worldwide experience regular physical punishment
- rates are higher in countries where authoritarian parenting is the norm
- negative outcomes found across cultural groups
- research shows spanking is bad
- in the United Nations, spanking is a form of violence against children that violates human right to be protected from violence
25
What effects does spanking have on children?
the more children are spanked, the:
- less they comply and the more aggressive they are
- more problematic relationship with parents
- more mental health problems they have
- lower their self esteem
26
What are parent-child interactions?
- bidirectional
- each influences and reinforces the other's behaviour
- can create both positive and negative cycles
27
What's a positive parent-child cycle?
positivity in child <--> parental warmth
28
What is the coercive cycle?
- parent makes request or says no
- child disobeys
- parent gets angry and yells
- child yells/throws tantrum
- parent yells
- parent gives up or succeeds
- gives up: reinforces child's tantrum
- succeeds: reinforces harsh parenting
29
What is the role of shared genes in the parent-child interaction?
- parent's and children's behaviour can also both be caused by the genes they share
30
What are the implication to the bidirectionality of the parent-child relationship?
- a correlation between parenting and a child’s behaviour could be due to parenting practices, the child’s behaviour and/or shared genes
- parenting practices are not solely responsible for children's outcomes
31
What is the importance of longitudinal research?
- only way of definitively showing bidirectional relationship between children's behaviour and parenting practices
32
What do "older" first time parents tend to have?
- more education and higher income
- fewer children
- less likely to get divorced in first 10 years
- more authoritative parenting
33
What is the difference with same sex parents?
- children raised by same sex parents are no different than children raised by different sex parents
- similar mental health, social competence, sexual orientation, and academic achievement
- shows that parenting style matters, not parents' sexual orientation
34
How many marriages end in divorce?
- 35 - 42%
35
How does divorce impact the child?
- initially, divorce negatively impacts children's well being
- kids show more depression, lower, self esteem, more behavioural problems, and do worse academically
36
Does a child's age affect their adjustment to divorce?
- younger kids (grade 1-5) whose parents divorced shows more internalizing symptoms (depression, anxiety) vs. older and no divorce kids
- younger kids whose parents divorced shows more externalizing symptoms (aggression, disobedience, impulsivity)
- older kids (grades 6-10) whose parents divorced had poorer academic performance
37
Do negative effects of divorce last?
- negative effects of divorce on children tend not to last long
- differences in well being of adults whose parents divorced vs adults whose parents stayed married are very small (10% separation, 90% overlap)
38
When do children have a harder time adjusting to divorce and do worse?
- multiple changes (divorce, new home, new school, etc)
- ongoing conflict between parents/steparents
39
How does ongoing conflict between parents after divorce effect the child?
- puts child in the middle and in the role of mediator
- guilt inducing
- feel like they have to choose
40
When do children have an easier time adjusting to divorce?
- if parents and stepparents are able to be civil and communicate directly with each other
- if parents show high levels of sensitivity/warmth
41
When is divorce a good thing?
- if parents were engages in a lot of conflict before getting divorced
- kids' psychological well being improves after divorce if parents had a lot of conflict (psychological distress decreases and happiness increases)
42
What is the role of siblings?
- can be friends and support each other
- can be competitive for resources, like toys and parental attention
43
What does a negative sibling relationship predict?
- more depression
- more social withdrawal
- more problem behaviours
44
What are predictors of positive sibling relationship?
- siblings are treated equally by parents
- parents get along with each other
45
What happens if siblings are not treated euqally by parents?
- if favouring happens, the least favourite child's well being suffers
- differential treatment less detrimental if the least favoured child views it as justified, is older sibling, is growing up in a collectivist culture
46
Why is parents getting along important?
- modelling a positive relationship with family member
- if parents are engaged in a lot of conflict, parental attention may because a scare resource that siblings feel the need to compete for
47
Why are siblings so different sometimes?
- differences in temperament
- differences in parental treatment
- differences in family context
48
What is the myth of birth order personality?
- research consistently shows no meaningful effects on birth order on personality and intelligence
49
How does low SES affect children's development?
- lower academic achievement
- more behaviour problems
- more depression and anxiety
50
Why does low SES negatively affect children's development?
- material hardships
- negative effect of low SES on parenting
- amount of time parents can spend with their child is lower
- creates stress which can lead to poor parental mental health, harsh parenting, and marital conflict
51
How does high SES affect children/adolescents?
- increased drug and alcohol use
- more delinquent behaviour
- more depression and anxiety
52
Why does high SES negatively affect children?
- parents spending more time at work
- high pressure to achieve and excel
