Family and households Flashcards

Question

Fill in the blank: The rise of the symmetrical nuclear family is seen as a result of _______.

Answer 1

[major social changes]

Answer 2

Married women bringing a second wage into the home raises the family's standard of living.

Answer 3

Jonathan Gershuny

Answer 4

These women did less domestic work than other women.

Answer 5

A trend towards women doing a smaller share of domestic work and men doing more.

Answer 6

An increase in the number of couples with an equal division of labour.

Answer 7

- Childcare - Household chores - Caregiving

Answer 8

A fall in the number of people believing it is the man's job to earn money and the woman's job to look after home and family.

Answer 9

13% of men and 12% of women.

Answer 10

Full-time housewives

Answer 11

Many more wives go out to work, either full-time or part-time

Answer 12

It suggests a more equal division of domestic tasks with a 'new man' taking responsibility

Answer 13

Women have to carry a 'dual burden' of paid work as well as domestic work

Answer 14

domestic tasks

Answer 15

'Emotion work' ## Footnote This concept refers to the effort involved in managing the emotions of family members.

Answer 16

Jean Duncombe and Dennis Marsden ## Footnote The 'triple shift' includes housework, paid work, and emotion work.

Answer 17

Managing the emotions and feelings of family members ## Footnote This includes handling jealousies and conflicts between siblings.

Answer 18

False ## Footnote Emotion work involves managing the emotions of others while controlling one's own.

Answer 19

Cultural explanations and material explanations ## Footnote These explanations highlight different factors contributing to gender roles in domestic labour.

Answer 20

The division of labour is determined by patriarchal norms and values shaping gender roles ## Footnote This perspective emphasizes societal expectations and socialization regarding domestic labour.

Answer 21

Because that is what society expects them to do and has socialised them to do ## Footnote This indicates that cultural norms play a significant role in shaping labour divisions.

Answer 22

Women's generally lower earnings lead to them doing more housework and childcare ## Footnote This view highlights the economic rationale behind the division of labour.

Answer 23

cultural or ideological

Answer 24

material or economic

Answer 25

False ## Footnote The cultural explanation focuses on societal expectations rather than economic factors.

Answer 26

Changes in attitudes, values, expectations, role models, and socialisation

Answer 27

Gershuny (1994)

Answer 28

They are adapting to the fact that women are now working full-time, establishing a new norm for men's domestic work

Answer 29

Younger men do more domestic work

Answer 30

Most men claimed to do more housework than their father and most women claimed to do less than their mother

Answer 31

Less than 10% agreed with a traditional division of labor

Answer 32

A change in norms, values, and attitudes towards more equal relationships among younger age groups

Answer 33

They had more symmetrical relationships due to the absence of traditional heterosexual 'gender scripts'

Answer 34

[norms that set out the different gender roles men and women are expected to play]

Answer 35

For every £10,000 a year more a woman earns, she does two hours less housework per week ## Footnote This finding was reported by Kan.

Answer 36

Better-paid, middle-class women were more able to buy in commercially produced products and services ## Footnote These include labour-saving devices, ready meals, domestic help, and childcare.

Answer 37

Where the woman is the full-time breadwinner and the man is unemployed, he does as much domestic labour as she does.

Answer 38

Working full-time rather than part-time makes the biggest difference.

Answer 39

Working full-time brings women's earnings much closer to those of their partners.

Answer 40

False ## Footnote Men earn more than women in seven out of eight households.

Answer 41

Women are more likely to work part-time.

Answer 42

There is no immediate prospect of a more equal division of labour if this depends on economic equality between the sexes.

Answer 43

Men gain far more from women's domestic work than they give back in financial support ## Footnote This highlights the unequal distribution of benefits in domestic labor.

Answer 44

• The allowance system • Pooling ## Footnote The allowance system involves wives receiving a budgeted allowance, while pooling allows both partners to access income and share expenditure responsibilities.

Answer 45

Wives receive an allowance to budget for family needs, while the man retains surplus income. ## Footnote This system can lead to unequal financial power dynamics within the family.

Answer 46

Both partners have access to income and share responsibility for expenditures, often through a joint bank account. ## Footnote Pooling is increasingly common in modern households.

Answer 47

False ## Footnote Pooling has become the most common money management system.

Answer 48

[allowance system] ## Footnote This system often leads to unequal financial control.

Answer 49

Pooling ## Footnote This reflects a shift towards more egalitarian financial practices in families.

Answer 50

More equality in decision-making and control over resources

Answer 51

Gives men more power in major financial decisions

Answer 52

Important decisions were usually made by the man alone or jointly with him having priority

Answer 53

Women's lives tend to be structured around their husbands' careers

Answer 54

Husband alone or jointly with the husband having final say

Answer 55

Usually taken jointly, seldom by the wife alone

Answer 56

Less important decisions like home decor, children's clothes, or food purchases

Answer 57

Men earn more and women are economically dependent

Answer 58

70% of couples said they had an equal say in decisions

Answer 59

Women who were high earning, well qualified professionals

Answer 60

The meanings couples give to who controls the money ## Footnote This perspective emphasizes that the significance of money in relationships varies based on individual interpretations.

Answer 61

It is a sign of inequality in the relationship ## Footnote This assumption may not hold true for all couples.

Answer 62

Some gay men and lesbians attached no importance to who controlled the money ## Footnote They were happy to leave this decision to their partners without seeing it as a matter of equality or inequality.

Answer 63

Pooling some money for household spending and separate accounts for personal spending ## Footnote This arrangement reflects a value of 'co-independence'.

Answer 64

Sharing resources while each partner retains control over some money ## Footnote It allows couples to maintain a sense of independence.

Answer 65

They have greater freedom to do what suits them as a couple ## Footnote This is attributed to not carrying the same cultural baggage regarding money.

Answer 66

The historical, gendered, heterosexual baggage of cultural meanings around money ## Footnote This baggage often associates money with power dynamics.

Answer 67

The personal meanings of the actors involved in the situation ## Footnote This perspective emphasizes understanding individual interpretations in relationships.

Answer 68

False ## Footnote Different couples may interpret money control in varied ways.

Answer 69

'co-independence' ## Footnote This term illustrates the balance between sharing and individual control.

Answer 70

It is the behaviour of a few disturbed or 'sick' individuals with psychological causes. ## Footnote This view has been challenged by sociologists who argue for a broader social context.

Answer 71

Domestic violence accounts for between a sixth and a quarter of all recorded violent crime. ## Footnote This statistic highlights the prevalence of domestic violence in society.

Answer 72

Two million people reported having been victims of domestic abuse during the previous year. ## Footnote This indicates the high incidence of domestic abuse in the population.

Answer 73

It is mainly violence by men against women. ## Footnote This pattern emphasizes gender dynamics in domestic violence.

Answer 74

Women are more likely than men to have experienced intimate violence across all four types of abuse. ## Footnote The four types of abuse include partner abuse, family abuse, sexual assault, and stalking.

Answer 75

Two women a week are killed by a partner or former partner, representing one third of all female homicide victims. ## Footnote This statistic underscores the lethal consequences of domestic violence.

Answer 76

They found instances of wives being slapped, pushed, beaten, raped, or killed by their husbands. ## Footnote Their research was based on police and court records as well as interviews with women in refuges.

Answer 77

Incidents can be set off by a husband's perception of a challenge to his authority. ## Footnote An example includes a wife asking why her husband was late home for a meal.

Answer 78

Marriage legitimates violence against women by conferring power and authority on husbands and dependency on wives. ## Footnote This perspective highlights the structural issues within marital relationships.

Answer 79

Two main reasons: victims may be unwilling to report it and police/prosecutors may be reluctant to record or investigate cases ## Footnote Victims often face fear of reprisals or believe the situation is too trivial for police involvement.

Answer 80

35 assaults ## Footnote This statistic was found by Stephanie Yearnshire in 1997.

Answer 81

Domestic violence ## Footnote This highlights the significant underreporting of domestic violence cases.

Answer 82

* The family is a private sphere * The family is a good thing * Individuals are free agents ## Footnote These assumptions contribute to the neglect of domestic violence cases.

Answer 83

They believe family matters should remain private and often overlook the darker side of family life ## Footnote This reluctance can lead to underreporting and inadequate responses to domestic violence.

Answer 84

Financial dependence on their husbands ## Footnote This economic power dynamic often prevents women from leaving abusive situations.

Answer 85

6.5% ## Footnote This low conviction rate indicates that successful prosecutions are only a small fraction of actual cases.

Answer 86

reported ## Footnote This emphasizes the challenges in accurately measuring the prevalence of domestic violence.

Answer 87

False ## Footnote Victims of domestic violence are less likely to report due to various fears and beliefs.

Answer 88

Patriarchy ## Footnote Radical feminists use these findings to support their view that all societies are founded on patriarchal structures.

Answer 89

Kate Millett and Shulamith Firestone ## Footnote Both argue that all societies have been founded on patriarchy.

Answer 90

Between men and women ## Footnote They view men as the oppressors and exploiters of women.

Answer 91

Family and marriage ## Footnote They believe these institutions are the main sources of women's oppression.

Answer 92

Through domestic violence or the threat of it ## Footnote This domination is seen as a means to maintain patriarchal control.

Answer 93

Widespread domestic violence ## Footnote They argue that it serves to preserve the power men have over women.

Answer 94

Sociological explanation linked to dominant social norms about marriage ## Footnote They emphasize societal patterns rather than psychological factors.

Answer 95

Male domination of state institutions ## Footnote This domination influences how cases of domestic violence are handled.

Answer 96

Elliot rejects the claim that all men benefit from violence against women, stating that not all men are aggressive and most oppose domestic violence. ## Footnote Elliot emphasizes that radical feminists ignore the majority of men who do not condone violence.

Answer 97

Female violence, including child abuse by women and violence against male partners and within lesbian relationships. ## Footnote Elliot highlights that radical feminists focus solely on male violence without acknowledging female-perpetrated violence.

Answer 98

18% ## Footnote This translates to approximately 2.9 million men.

Answer 99

They use it to explain why most victims of domestic violence are women. ## Footnote However, they wrongly assume that all women are equally at risk of patriarchal violence.

Answer 100

They fail to explain which women are most likely to be victims. ## Footnote They provide a general explanation but do not address specific vulnerabilities among women.

Answer 101

* Young women * Those in the lowest social classes and those living in the most deprived areas * Those on low incomes or in financial difficulties * Those living in shared and rented accommodation * Those with high levels of alcohol consumption or using illegal drugs * Those with a long-term illness or disability. ## Footnote These groups are identified as being at higher risk compared to others.

Answer 102

Economic and material factors such as inequalities in income and housing.

Answer 103

Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett.

Answer 104

Stress on family members caused by social inequality.

Answer 105

Some families have fewer resources than others.

Answer 106

They likely lead to higher levels of stress and increase the risk of conflict and violence.

Answer 107

* Worries about money * Worries about jobs * Worries about housing

Answer 108

It restricts their social circle and reduces social support.

Answer 109

Those with less power, status, wealth, or income.

Answer 110

It does not explain why women rather than men are the main victims.

Answer 111

Fran Ansley.

Answer 112

Capitalism.

Answer 113

They take out their frustration from being exploited at work on their wives.

Answer 114

Why not all male workers commit acts of violence against their partners.

Answer 115

Cases of female domestic violence.

Answer 116

As socially constructed, created and defined by society ## Footnote This perspective suggests that childhood is not a universal experience but is shaped by cultural and societal norms.

Answer 117

It is not fixed and differs between different times, places, and cultures ## Footnote This indicates that the understanding of childhood can vary significantly across various contexts.

Answer 118

Comparing the western idea of childhood today with childhood in the past and in other societies ## Footnote Such comparisons highlight how societal changes and cultural contexts influence perceptions of childhood.

Answer 119

Childhood is a special time of life and children are fundamentally different from adults.

Answer 120

Children are seen as physically and psychologically immature and not yet competent to run their own lives.

Answer 121

Childhood is seen as a clear and distinct life stage, with children occupying a separate status from adults.

Answer 122

Through laws regulating what children are allowed, required or forbidden to do, and differences in dress and products for children.

Answer 123

Childhood is viewed as a time of happiness and innocence.

Answer 124

Their innocence means they need protection from the dangers of the adult world.

Answer 125

In the sphere of the family and education.

Answer 126

Children lead lives of leisure and play, and are largely excluded from paid work.

Answer 127

No, it is not universal and varies across different societies.

Answer 128

Childhood is socially constructed and not a single universal experience.

Answer 129

Childhood is a social construct, while biological immaturity is a natural stage of development.

Answer 130

As vulnerable and unable to fend for themselves.

Answer 131

No, other cultures may not see such a great difference between children and adults.

Answer 132

golden age

Answer 133

A comparative approach, looking at how children are seen and treated in different times and places.

Answer 134

In three ways: early responsibility, less emphasis on obedience, and different views on sexual behavior.

Answer 135

They take work responsibilities in the home and community starting around age five.

Answer 136

Children are expected to undertake tasks without question or hesitation.

Answer 137

Children were not deemed 'too young' to handle tasks, including dangerous tools or heavy loads.

Answer 138

It is regarded as a concession granted by the child, not a right expected by the adult.

Answer 139

They exhibit tolerance and amused interest towards children's sexual explorations.

Answer 140

Childhood is not a fixed universal concept but is socially constructed and varies across cultures.

Answer 141

[socially constructed and differs from culture to culture]

Answer 142

Childhood as we understand it today is a relatively recent 'invention' ## Footnote This suggests that the concept of childhood has evolved over time and varies across cultures.

Answer 143

'The idea of childhood did not exist' ## Footnote Ariès argues that children were not seen as having different needs or nature from adults.

Answer 144

They entered wider society on much the same terms as an adult ## Footnote This often involved beginning work from an early age, similar to adults.

Answer 145

Children were in effect 'mini-adults' with the same rights, duties, and skills as adults ## Footnote This included facing the same severe punishments as adults under the law.

Answer 146

Works of art from the period ## Footnote These artworks depict children without characteristics of childhood, shown on a smaller scale.

Answer 147

Children and adults are dressed in the same clothing and working and playing together ## Footnote This reflects the lack of distinction between childhood and adulthood.

Answer 148

High death rates encouraged indifference and neglect, especially towards infants ## Footnote This led to practices such as naming newborns after deceased siblings.

Answer 149

'it' ## Footnote This indicates a lack of emotional attachment due to high infant mortality.

Answer 150

They often forgot how many children they had had ## Footnote This reflects the impact of high mortality rates on parental attachment.

Answer 151

Specialized schools for the young, distinction in clothing, availability of childrearing handbooks ## Footnote These developments reflected the influence of the church and changing societal views on children.

Answer 152

The church saw children as fragile 'creatures of God' needing discipline and protection ## Footnote This perspective influenced educational practices and societal attitudes towards children.

Answer 153

Upper-class boys wore outfits reserved for their own age group, distinguishing them from adults ## Footnote This change reflected a growing recognition of childhood as a distinct phase of life.

Answer 154

Widespread availability of handbooks on childrearing ## Footnote This was particularly evident among the middle classes.

Answer 155

We have moved from a world that did not see childhood as special to one obsessed with childhood ## Footnote He describes the 20th century as 'the century of the child'.

Answer 156

Critics argue that childhood did exist in the past but was understood differently ## Footnote Linda Pollock (1983) emphasizes that society had a different notion of childhood during the Middle Ages.

Answer 157

It shows that childhood is socially constructed and varies over time ## Footnote He highlights how ideas about children and their social status have changed.

Answer 158

'the century of the child' ## Footnote This reflects a shift in societal focus towards the importance of childhood.

Answer 159

True ## Footnote His argument has been contested by other sociologists who propose alternative views.

Answer 160

Children became an economic liability, financially dependent on their parents ## Footnote Prior to these laws, children were seen as economic assets contributing to family income.

Answer 161

Compulsory schooling was introduced ## Footnote This primarily affected the children of the poor, as middle- and upper-class children were already receiving education.

Answer 162

It extended the period of dependency on parents ## Footnote Children remained financially reliant for a longer time.

Answer 163

The welfare of the child ## Footnote This principle underpins the work of agencies such as social services.

Answer 164

Parents have 'responsibilities' rather than 'rights' ## Footnote This shift reflects a broader understanding of children's rights.

Answer 165

Entitlement to healthcare and education, protection from abuse, and the right to participate in decisions ## Footnote These rights include involvement in custody cases.

Answer 166

Declining family size and lower infant mortality rates ## Footnote Parents are more likely to make financial and emotional investments in fewer children.

Answer 167

They stressed that children need supervision and protection ## Footnote This observation reflects a growing awareness of children's developmental needs.

Answer 168

They reinforce the idea that children are different from adults ## Footnote Different rules must be applied to their behavior.

Answer 169

It underlies many changes in children's status and education ## Footnote The shift from agriculture to factory production necessitated an educated workforce.

Answer 170

It led to higher standards of living and better welfare provisions ## Footnote These improvements contributed to lower infant mortality rates.

Answer 171

Neil Postman ## Footnote Postman published his views in 1994.

Answer 172

Giving children the same rights as adults ## Footnote This includes the loss of traditional unsupervised games.

Answer 173

The rise and fall of print culture and its replacement by television culture ## Footnote This shift influences children's experiences and perceptions.

Answer 174

Middle Ages ## Footnote Illiteracy meant that speech was the primary skill for adult participation.

Answer 175

There was no division between the world of the adult and that of the child ## Footnote Childhood was not linked to innocence or mystery.

Answer 176

clothing ## Footnote This reflects a broader trend towards adultification of childhood.

Answer 177

False ## Footnote He argues that this association developed over time.

Answer 178

Children committing 'adult' crimes such as murder ## Footnote This exemplifies the loss of innocence associated with childhood.

Answer 179

Childhood emerged as a separate status along with mass literacy, from the 19th century on. ## Footnote This emergence is linked to the creation of an information hierarchy due to the printed word.

Answer 180

The printed word creates an information hierarchy. ## Footnote This hierarchy establishes a sharp division between adults, who can read, and children, who cannot.

Answer 181

Adults gain the power to keep knowledge about adult matters a secret from children. ## Footnote This includes topics such as sex, money, violence, illness, and death.

Answer 182

Childhood came to be associated with innocence and ignorance. ## Footnote This association stems from the secrets kept by adults.

Answer 183

Television blurs the distinction between childhood and adulthood by destroying the information hierarchy. ## Footnote Unlike the printed word, TV makes information accessible to both adults and children.

Answer 184

Television does not require special skills to access it. ## Footnote This contrasts with the printed word, which requires reading skills.

Answer 185

Adult authority diminishes. ## Footnote This occurs as the boundary between adult and child is broken down.

Answer 186

Knowledge and cynicism replace the ignorance and innocence of childhood. ## Footnote This shift is due to the exposure to information through television.

Answer 187

The disappearance of adulthood. ## Footnote This results in adults' and children's tastes and styles becoming indistinguishable.

Answer 188

Childhood is changing, not disappearing ## Footnote Jenks argues against Postman's view that childhood is disappearing.

Answer 189

Childhood was seen as preparation for adulthood ## Footnote This perspective emphasized nurturing and protecting vulnerable children.

Answer 190

The shift from modernity to postmodernity ## Footnote This change influences the stability of adult relationships and childhood experiences.

Answer 191

Relationships become more unstable and divorce becomes common ## Footnote This instability generates feelings of insecurity among adults.

Answer 192

Children become a source of identity and stability for adults ## Footnote Despite marital issues, adults find refuge in their parental roles.

Answer 193

Fear for their children's security ## Footnote This fear drives a preoccupation with protecting children from dangers.

Answer 194

Strengthens the view of children as vulnerable and in need of protection ## Footnote This leads to greater surveillance and regulation of children's lives.

Answer 195

Childhood continues to be a separate status marked by restrictions ## Footnote Legal and other restrictions differentiate children from adults.

Answer 196

False ## Footnote Jenks believes childhood remains a distinct phase of life.

Answer 197

Their relationship with their children

Answer 198

The risks they believe their children face

Answer 199

Small, unrepresentative studies

Answer 200

Over-generalising

Answer 201

The greater diversity of family and childhood patterns today

Answer 202

* Lone-parent families * Step-families

Answer 203

The family has become child-centred.

Answer 204

Children are no longer to be 'seen and not heard'; they are now the focal point of the family.

Answer 205

Children are consulted on many decisions as never before.

Answer 206

Parents invest a great deal emotionally and financially.

Answer 207

Parents often have high aspirations for their children to have a better life and greater opportunities.

Answer 208

No, society as a whole is also child-centred.

Answer 209

Much media output and many leisure activities.

Answer 210

[focal point of the family]

Answer 211

'toxic childhood' ## Footnote Sue Palmer (2007; 2010) argues that children are facing detrimental conditions due to societal changes.

Answer 212

* Junk food * Computer games * Intensive marketing to children * Long hours worked by parents * Growing emphasis on testing in education ## Footnote These factors have been linked to damage in children's physical, emotional, and intellectual development.

Answer 213

* Above average rates of obesity * Self-harm * Drug and alcohol abuse * Violence * Early sexual experience * Teenage pregnancies ## Footnote These issues indicate serious concerns regarding the well-being of young people.

Answer 214

16th ## Footnote This ranking highlights concerns about the overall well-being of children in the UK compared to other countries.

Answer 215

False ## Footnote Some writers argue that children's experiences are deteriorating rather than improving.

Answer 216

Age patriarchy ## Footnote Gittins (1998) argues that just as feminists describe male domination, there is also a form of adult domination over children.

Answer 217

Patriarchy means 'rule by the father' ## Footnote The term 'family' originally referred to the power of the male head over all household members.

Answer 218

Violence against children and women ## Footnote Gittins points out that patriarchy still asserts itself through various forms of oppression.

Answer 219

A quarter ## Footnote This finding supports Gittins' view of the oppression of both women and children under patriarchy.

Answer 220

patriarchy

Answer 221

False ## Footnote Age patriarchy also addresses the relationship between adults and children.

Answer 222

90% ## Footnote This statistic highlights the disparity in health outcomes based on geographical and economic contexts.

Answer 223

Boys ## Footnote This reflects societal norms and expectations regarding gender roles in childhood.

Answer 224

Girls do more domestic labour, especially in lone-parent families ## Footnote Girls were found to do five times more housework than boys in such families.

Answer 225

Asian parents ## Footnote This indicates cultural variations in parenting styles and expectations.

Answer 226

Izzat (family honour) ## Footnote This reflects cultural values that may limit girls' freedoms.

Answer 227

* More likely to die in infancy or childhood * Suffer longstanding illness * Fall behind at school ## Footnote These factors contribute to significant inequalities in childhood development.

Answer 228

Four times more likely ## Footnote This emphasizes the relationship between socio-economic status and behavioral issues.

Answer 229

A value consensus - a set of shared norms and values.

Answer 230

Through a value consensus that enables cooperation to meet society's needs.

Answer 231

A system made up of different parts or sub-systems that depend on each other.

Answer 232

* Family * Education system * Economy

Answer 233

A biological organism.

Answer 234

To meet some of society's essential needs.

Answer 235

George Peter Murdock (1949).

Answer 236

* Stable satisfaction of the sex drive with the same partner * Reproduction of the next generation * Socialisation of the young into society's shared norms * Meeting its members' economic needs

Answer 237

Social disruption caused by a sexual 'free-for-all'.

Answer 238

Reproduction of the next generation.

Answer 239

Food and shelter.

Answer 240

biological organism.

Answer 241

It is a practical way of meeting four essential needs, making it universal across all human societies.

Answer 242

Critics argue other institutions could perform the same functions and that nonnuclear family structures could be equally effective.

Answer 243

Marxists and feminists.

Answer 244

It serves the needs of men and oppresses women.

Answer 245

It meets the needs of capitalism, not those of family members or society as a whole.

Answer 246

conflict and exploitation.

Answer 247

The belief that the family harmoniously meets the needs of society and all family members.

Answer 248

The theory that the functions a family performs depend on the society in which it is found, affecting its structure.

Answer 249

* Nuclear family (parents and dependent children) * Extended family (three generations living together)

Answer 250

Nuclear family

Answer 251

Extended family

Answer 252

A geographically mobile workforce

Answer 253

It is easier for a compact two-generation nuclear family to move than for a three-generation extended family.

Answer 254

A socially mobile workforce

Answer 255

Through their own efforts and ability, not ascribed by social and family background.

Answer 256

Tensions may arise if an adult son has a higher achieved status at work than his father, who has a higher ascribed status at home.

Answer 257

Adult sons should leave home when they marry and form their own nuclear family.

Answer 258

By allowing individuals to achieve higher status based on their abilities rather than their family background.

Answer 259

It is 'structurally isolated' from extended kin with no binding obligations.

Answer 260

social mobility

Answer 261

The industrialization of Britain from the late 18th century onwards.

Answer 262

Society is based on value consensus (agreement) ## Footnote Functionalists emphasize agreement and shared values as the basis for social stability.

Answer 263

An unequal conflict between two social classes: the capitalist class and the working class ## Footnote The capitalist class owns the means of production, while the working class is exploited for profit.

Answer 264

Education system, media, religion, state, and family ## Footnote These institutions are seen as tools that reinforce capitalist interests.

Answer 265

Performed purely for the benefit of the capitalist system ## Footnote This contrasts with functionalists, who believe the family benefits both society and its members.

Answer 266

Inheritance of property ## Footnote This function is crucial for maintaining class structures.

Answer 267

The mode of production ## Footnote This includes who owns and controls society's productive forces.

Answer 268

'Primitive communism' ## Footnote In this society, there was no private property and means of production were communally owned.

Answer 269

'Promiscuous horde' or tribe ## Footnote This structure had no restrictions on sexual relationships.

Answer 270

The emergence of private property and a class of men controlling the means of production ## Footnote This transition marked a significant change in social organization.

Answer 271

To ensure legitimate heirs inherited private property ## Footnote This necessity arose from the need for men to be certain of paternity.

Answer 272

The rise of the monogamous nuclear family ## Footnote It placed women's sexuality under male control.

Answer 273

Through the overthrow of capitalism and collective ownership of the means of production ## Footnote This would eliminate the need for the patriarchal family.

Answer 274

The patriarchal family ## Footnote This is because there will be no need to transmit private property.

Answer 275

A set of ideas or beliefs that justify inequality and maintain the capitalist system ## Footnote It persuades people to accept capitalism as fair, natural, or unchangeable.

Answer 276

By teaching them that hierarchy and inequality are inevitable ## Footnote Parental power, especially paternal, prepares children to accept orders from employers.

Answer 277

It acclimatizes them to the idea that there always has to be someone in charge ## Footnote This often reinforces male authority.

Answer 278

The family offers an apparent 'haven' from the harsh outside world ## Footnote It allows workers to 'be themselves' and have a private life.

Answer 279

The family cannot meet its members' needs ## Footnote This is exemplified by the domestic servitude of women.

Answer 280

False ## Footnote The family performs key ideological functions for capitalism.

Answer 281

By selling the products of their labour for more than it pays them to produce these commodities.

Answer 282

It is an important market for the sale of consumer goods.

Answer 283

Keep up with the Joneses.

Answer 284

'Pester power'.

Answer 285

They are mocked and stigmatised by their peers.

Answer 286

* Inheritance of private property * Socialisation into acceptance of inequality * Source of profits

Answer 287

consumer goods.

Answer 288

Marxists tend to assume that the nuclear family is dominant in capitalist society ## Footnote This view ignores the wide variety of family structures found in society today.

Answer 289

Feminists argue that the Marxist emphasis on class and capitalism underestimates the importance of gender inequalities within the family ## Footnote They believe that gender inequalities are more fundamental than class inequalities.

Answer 290

The family primarily serves the interests of men, not capitalism.

Answer 291

Functionalists argue that Marxists ignore the very real benefits that the family provides for its members.

Answer 292

Equal rights and opportunities for women, including equal pay and an end to discrimination in employment. ## Footnote Liberal feminists focus on legal reforms and changing societal attitudes to achieve gender equality.

Answer 293

The Sex Discrimination Act (1975). ## Footnote This law outlaws discrimination in employment based on sex.

Answer 294

They believe we are moving towards greater equality but require further reforms and changes in attitudes and socialization patterns of both sexes. ## Footnote Liberal feminists emphasize gradual progress rather than immediate equality.

Answer 295

They hold a view similar to 'march of progress' theorists, noting gradual progress towards gender equality within the family. ## Footnote They reference theorists like Young and Willmott who support this perspective.

Answer 296

Studies suggesting that men are doing more domestic labor and that parents socialize their sons and daughters more equally than in the past. ## Footnote This reflects changing aspirations for children regardless of gender.

Answer 297

They criticize liberal feminists for failing to challenge the underlying causes of women's oppression and believing that legal or attitudinal changes alone will suffice for equality. ## Footnote Marxist and radical feminists argue that deep-rooted social structures must be changed.

Answer 298

[reforms].

Answer 299

False. ## Footnote They acknowledge that while progress has been made, full equality has not yet been realized.

Answer 300

Capitalism ## Footnote Marxist feminists argue that capitalism, rather than men, is the primary cause of women's oppression.

Answer 301

* Reproducing the labour force through unpaid domestic labour * Absorbing anger directed at capitalism * Serving as a reserve army of cheap labour ## Footnote These functions highlight the economic role women play within a capitalist society.

Answer 302

Socialising the next generation of workers and maintaining the current one ## Footnote Unpaid domestic labour is crucial for sustaining the workforce.

Answer 303

'Takers of shit' ## Footnote This term reflects the idea that wives absorb their husbands' frustrations from work, illustrating male domestic violence.

Answer 304

As a result of men's frustration from alienation and exploitation at work ## Footnote This perspective links domestic violence to broader economic conditions.

Answer 305

Women can be hired when needed and let go to return to unpaid domestic labour ## Footnote This concept illustrates how women's roles in the workforce are often temporary and contingent.

Answer 306

They see them as linked ## Footnote Women's oppression is viewed as a reflection of broader class exploitation.

Answer 307

The family must be abolished alongside a socialist revolution ## Footnote This reflects the belief that fundamental social change is necessary to achieve gender equality.

Answer 308

False ## Footnote They argue that capitalism is the main cause.

Answer 309

Patriarchy - rule by men ## Footnote Radical feminists believe that societies are fundamentally structured around male dominance.

Answer 310

Between men and women ## Footnote Radical feminists emphasize this division as central to understanding oppression.

Answer 311

Men ## Footnote They view men as the source of women's oppression and exploitation.

Answer 312

The family and marriage ## Footnote These institutions are seen as mechanisms through which men benefit from women's labor.

Answer 313

The family ## Footnote They see the family as the root of women's oppression.

Answer 314

Separatism ## Footnote Women should organize themselves to live independently of men.

Answer 315

'Political lesbianism' ## Footnote This concept suggests that heterosexual relationships are inherently oppressive.

Answer 316

All female or 'matrilocal households' ## Footnote Greer suggests this as an alternative to the traditional heterosexual family.

Answer 317

They argue that women's position has improved considerably ## Footnote Improvements include better access to divorce, job opportunities, and reproductive rights.

Answer 318

It makes separatism unlikely to work ## Footnote She believes that attraction complicates the feasibility of living separately from men.

Answer 319

'Family friendly' policies ## Footnote Such policies include more flexible working arrangements to promote equality between partners.

Answer 320

They argue that we cannot generalise about women's experiences ## Footnote Difference feminists emphasize the diversity of experiences among women based on various factors.

Answer 321

* Lesbian and heterosexual women * White and black women * Middle-class and working-class women ## Footnote These groups experience family life in distinct ways due to their unique social positions.

Answer 322

They regard the family purely negatively ## Footnote This perspective can overlook the specific experiences of women of color.

Answer 323

They view the black family positively as a source of support and resistance against racism ## Footnote This highlights the resilience and strength found within the black family structure.

Answer 324

It neglects the fact that all women share many of the same experiences ## Footnote This criticism points out that while differences exist, there are also common challenges faced by all women.

Answer 325

[domestic violence] ## Footnote This highlights a shared experience among women regardless of their different backgrounds.

Answer 326

* Domestic violence * Sexual assault * Low pay ## Footnote These issues affect women across various social and economic contexts.

Answer 327

Understanding families from the perspective of individuals and the meanings they give to their relationships.

Answer 328

It adopts a 'bottom up' approach rather than a 'top down' structural approach.

Answer 329

It emphasizes the meanings that individual family members hold and how these shape their actions and relationships.

Answer 330

Relationships that individuals see as significant, including friendships, fictive kin, and relationships with pets.

Answer 331

Close friends who are treated as relatives.

Answer 332

A woman caring for a non-relative while feeling distant from her own sister.

Answer 333

Children frequently saw their pets as 'part of the family.'

Answer 334

the individuals involved

Answer 335

They found that the issue of blood and genes raised a range of feelings.

Answer 336

If someone remarked that the child looked like them.

Answer 337

They wonder about possible 'donor siblings' and whether these counted as family.

Answer 338

They must resolve questions about who counts as family, such as whether the donor's parents count as grandparents.

Answer 339

Yes, this is a question that needs to be resolved.

Answer 340

Concerns about equality between the genetic and non-genetic mothers.

Answer 341

They might worry that the donor could be treated as the 'real' second parent.

Answer 342

1. Proportion of women of childbearing age (15-44) 2. Fertility rate (number of children women have) ## Footnote The birth rate is influenced by both the number of women who can have children and the average number of children they choose to have.

Answer 343

The average number of children women will have during their fertile years. ## Footnote TFR is a key indicator of population growth and demographic trends.

Answer 344

1.63 children per woman. ## Footnote This represented an all-time low for the UK.

Answer 345

1.83 children per woman. ## Footnote Although this is an increase from the 2001 low, it remains below historical levels.

Answer 346

2.95 children per woman in 1964. ## Footnote This peak occurred during the 1960s baby boom.

Answer 347

More women are remaining childless than in the past. ## Footnote This reflects changing social norms and personal choices regarding family planning.

Answer 348

30 years old. ## Footnote This indicates a trend of women postponing childbirth.

Answer 349

They are on the increase. ## Footnote This may be due to various factors including career advancement and improved reproductive health.

Answer 350

False. ## Footnote Older women may be less fertile and have fewer fertile years remaining.

Answer 351

remaining childless. ## Footnote This change indicates a shift in societal expectations and personal choices.

Answer 352

- Changes in women’s position - Decline in the infant mortality rate - Children are now an economic liability - Child centredness

Answer 353

The relationship between the size of the working or productive part of the population and the size of the non-working or dependent part of the population.

Answer 354

The working population through their earnings, savings, and taxes.

Answer 355

It reduces the 'burden of dependency' on the working population.

Answer 356

Fewer young adults and a smaller working population, which may increase the burden of dependency.

Answer 357

Falling fertility rates lead to fewer children.

Answer 358

Childhood may become a lonelier experience as fewer children will have siblings.

Answer 359

Fewer voices speaking up in support of children's interests.

Answer 360

Fewer schools and maternity and child health services may be needed ## Footnote This can also affect the cost of maternity and paternity leave and the types of housing that need to be built.

Answer 361

The government could decide to have smaller class sizes instead of reducing the number of schools ## Footnote This highlights the political nature of decisions regarding public services.

Answer 362

The average age of the population is rising ## Footnote This results in more old people relative to young people.

Answer 363

There are more old people relative to young people ## Footnote This demographic shift can have various implications for society.

Answer 364

- Improved nutrition - Medical improvements - Smoking and diet - Public health measures - Other social changes

Answer 365

Increasing life expectancy ## Footnote People are living longer into old age.

Answer 366

Declining infant mortality ## Footnote Nowadays hardly anyone dies early in life.

Answer 367

Declining fertility ## Footnote Fewer young people are being born in relation to the number of older people in the population.

Answer 368

declining fertility

Answer 369

False ## Footnote Fewer young people being born leads to an ageing population.

Answer 370

The consequences of an ageing population

Answer 371

Older people, particularly the 'old old' (75 or over)

Answer 372

One-person pensioner households

Answer 373

12.5% or one in eight

Answer 374

Women generally live longer than men and are usually younger than their husbands

Answer 375

The ratio of non-working old and young who need to be provided for by the working age population

Answer 376

3.2 people of working age for every one pensioner

Answer 377

2.8 to one

Answer 378

66 years old

Answer 379

The higher number of women than men among the over-75s

Answer 380

dependent children

Answer 381

Changes to policies and provision of housing, transport, or other services

Answer 382

It is often attributed to institutional dependency.

Answer 383

Societal status is largely determined by one's role in production.

Answer 384

A dependent status and a stigmatised identity.

Answer 385

The old are of no use to capitalism because they are no longer productive.

Answer 386

The family, especially female relatives.

Answer 387

Life is structured into a fixed series of stages, such as childhood and youth.

Answer 388

Age creates fixed life stages and age-related identities.

Answer 389

They become dependent and powerless.

Answer 390

The fixed, orderly stages of the life course have broken down.

Answer 391

Children dressing in adult styles, later marriage, and early retirement.

Answer 392

Consumption, not production.

Answer 393

By what they consume, regardless of age.

Answer 394

Body maintenance or rejuvenation goods and services.

Answer 395

[who we are or how we live].

Answer 396

How to finance a longer period of old age. ## Footnote This includes considerations on savings, taxes, and working longer.

Answer 397

* Paying more from savings and taxes while working * Working for longer ## Footnote Both strategies aim to alleviate financial pressures due to an ageing population.

Answer 398

Encourage older people to 'trade down' into smaller accommodation. ## Footnote This would help release wealth and improve living standards for older individuals.

Answer 399

A change in attitudes towards old age. ## Footnote This cultural shift is essential for implementing effective social policies.

Answer 400

As a social construct shaped and defined by society. ## Footnote This perspective contrasts with viewing old age as a purely biological fact.

Answer 401

Our idea of how old is old enough to retire may change. ## Footnote This reflects the evolving perceptions of age and retirement age.

Answer 402

Migration affects age structure and fertility rates. ## Footnote This indicates that migration can lead to changes in population dynamics.

Answer 403

Push and pull factors. ## Footnote Push factors are conditions that drive people away from their home country, while pull factors attract them to a new location.

Answer 404

Globalisation has increased migration. ## Footnote This suggests that interconnected economies and cultures encourage more movement of people across borders.

Answer 405

There is more diversity in types of migration. ## Footnote This includes various forms such as economic, forced, and voluntary migration.

Answer 406

Transitional identities are more common. ## Footnote This reflects the blending of cultures and identities as people migrate.

Answer 407

Migration has become politicised. ## Footnote This indicates that migration issues are often debated in political contexts, influencing policies and public opinion.

Answer 408

Assimilationist policies may be self-defeating. ## Footnote This suggests that forcing migrants to conform to the dominant culture can lead to resistance and social tension.

Answer 409

* Equalising the grounds for divorce between the sexes * Widening the grounds for divorce * Making divorce cheaper ## Footnote These changes have contributed to rising divorce rates over time.

Answer 410

1923 ## Footnote This change led to a sharp rise in divorce petitions from women.

Answer 411

A marriage where the couple continues to live together but remains married in name only.

Answer 412

The negative label, social disapproval or shame attached to a person, action or relationship.

Answer 413

It has rapidly declined, making divorce more socially acceptable.

Answer 414

The decline in the influence of religion in society.

Answer 415

The traditional opposition of churches to divorce carries less weight, making individuals less influenced by religious teachings.

Answer 416

Higher expectations make couples less willing to tolerate an unhappy marriage.

Answer 417

Individuals should marry based solely on love and seek their 'Mr or Miss Right.'

Answer 418

* Love * Personal commitment * Intrinsic satisfaction ## Footnote The absence of these feelings is seen as justification for ending a marriage.

Answer 419

Improvements in their economic position have made them less financially dependent on their husband.

Answer 420

53% in 1971 and 67% in 2013.

Answer 421

Only 3% of young people with no religion were married compared to up to 17% of those with a religion in 2001.

Answer 422

70% in 1989.

Answer 423

42% in 2012.

Answer 424

The rise in the number of divorces.

Answer 425

The age is rising due to young people postponing marriage for education and career.

Answer 426

* Secularisation * Many churches refuse to marry divorcees ## Footnote This reflects changing societal attitudes towards marriage.

Answer 427

False ## Footnote Functionalists like Fletcher take an optimistic view of marriage despite rising divorce rates.

Answer 428

Decline in stigma attached to sex outside marriage ## Footnote In 1989, only 44% of people agreed that 'premarital sex is not wrong at all', but this increased to 65% by 2012.

Answer 429

The young ## Footnote Younger individuals tend to have more progressive views on cohabitation.

Answer 430

Women have less need for the financial security of marriage ## Footnote This allows women to opt for cohabitation instead.

Answer 431

Young people with no religion are more likely to cohabit ## Footnote This trend indicates a shift in values related to marriage and cohabitation.

Answer 432

22% ## Footnote This means one child in four lives in a lone-parent family.

Answer 433

Over 90% ## Footnote This indicates that very few lone-parent families are headed by fathers.

Answer 434

Single (never married) women ## Footnote Previously, divorced women were the biggest group of lone mothers.

Answer 435

Twice as likely ## Footnote This highlights the economic challenges faced by lone-parent families.

Answer 436

* Increase in divorce and separation * Increase in never-married women having children ## Footnote These trends are linked to changing societal norms.

Answer 437

Death of one parent ## Footnote This was once a common cause but is now less prevalent.

Answer 438

* Belief that women are suited to nurturing roles * Divorce courts usually give custody to mothers * Men may be less willing to give up work to care for children ## Footnote These factors contribute to the gender dynamics in lone-parent families.

Answer 439

Mothers who choose not to cohabit or marry ## Footnote They may wish to limit the father's involvement with the child.

Answer 440

Jean Renvoize (1985) ## Footnote This study highlights the ability of some women to be self-sufficient.

Answer 441

They chose to live on welfare benefits without a partner ## Footnote Often, this choice was influenced by experiences of abuse.

Answer 442

They may have encouraged an increase in never-married lone mothers ## Footnote This reflects changing societal attitudes towards motherhood and family structures.

Answer 443

Just over half ## Footnote This contrasts with only one in nine Asian families and just under a quarter for the population as a whole.

Answer 444

Slavery and high rates of unemployment among black males ## Footnote Under slavery, couples were often sold separately, resulting in children staying with mothers.

Answer 445

Heidi Safia Mirza ## Footnote This perspective challenges the notion of family disorganisation.

Answer 446

They are misleading ## Footnote Many apparently lone parents are actually in stable, supportive non-cohabiting relationships.

Answer 447

4.4, 4.3, and 3 persons respectively ## Footnote This is larger than the average of 2.4 for Black Caribbean and White British households.

Answer 448

The value placed on the extended family ## Footnote Practical considerations also play a role, such as support during migration.

Answer 449

They provided an important source of support ## Footnote This was particularly true during the 1950s and 1960s.

Answer 450

Most became nuclear, but relatives often lived nearby ## Footnote Frequent visiting and kinship networks continued to provide support.

Answer 451

Sikhs, Muslims, and Hindus ## Footnote These groups maintain a stronger tendency for extended family living compared to others.

Answer 452

Conservative and anti-feminist perspective ## Footnote The New Right is firmly opposed to family diversity.

Answer 453

The traditional nuclear family ## Footnote This view aligns with functionalist beliefs regarding family roles.

Answer 454

As 'natural' and based on fundamental biological differences ## Footnote They see it as the cornerstone of society.

Answer 455

Cohabitation, gay marriage, and lone parenthood ## Footnote They argue these changes are the cause of social problems.

Answer 456

They see them as harmful to children ## Footnote They believe lone mothers cannot discipline properly and boys lack male role models.

Answer 457

* Lone mothers cannot discipline properly * Boys lack an adult male role model * Lone-parent families are likely to be poorer ## Footnote This leads to concerns about educational failure and social instability.

Answer 458

20% for cohabiting couples versus 6% for married couples ## Footnote This was based on data from over 15,000 babies.

Answer 459

Marriage ## Footnote They argue that marriage is essential for stability.

Answer 460

Married couples are more stable ## Footnote Divorce rates among married couples are lower than breakup rates for cohabiting couples.

Answer 461

Marriage requires a deliberate commitment ## Footnote Cohabitation allows partners to avoid commitment and responsibility.

Answer 462

A return to 'traditional values', including marriage ## Footnote They believe this is vital for the well-being of children.

Answer 463

* Easy access to divorce * Gay marriage * Widespread availability of welfare benefits ## Footnote They believe these policies contribute to the breakdown of family structures.

Answer 464

Government should encourage couples to marry ## Footnote This can be achieved through supportive policies.

Answer 465

Ann Oakley ## Footnote Ann Oakley argues that the New Right wrongly assume that husbands and wives' roles are fixed by biology.

Answer 466

Great variation in the roles men and women perform within the family ## Footnote This contradicts the New Right's view of fixed roles.

Answer 467

A negative reaction against the feminist campaign for women's equality

Answer 468

As based on the patriarchal oppression of women ## Footnote They argue it is a fundamental cause of gender inequality.

Answer 469

* Prevents women from working * Keeps women financially dependent on men * Denies women an equal say in decision-making

Answer 470

No evidence that children in lone-parent families are more likely to be delinquent than those in two-parent families of the same social class

Answer 471

Marriage equals commitment, while cohabitation does not

Answer 472

The meaning of the relationship to those involved ## Footnote Some see it as a temporary phase, while others see it as a permanent alternative to marriage.

Answer 473

Poorer social groups

Answer 474

It may be poverty that causes the breakdown, rather than the decision not to marry.

Answer 475

Robert Chester ## Footnote Chester's perspective is contrasted with that of the New Right.

Answer 476

Not very significant and not negative ## Footnote Unlike the New Right, Chester does not see family diversity as a social issue.

Answer 477

A move to the 'neo-conventional family' ## Footnote This transition indicates a shift in family roles.

Answer 478

A nuclear family with a male breadwinner and female homemaker ## Footnote This definition aligns with views from the New Right and Parsons.

Answer 479

A dual-earner family where both spouses work ## Footnote Similar to the symmetrical family concept by Young and Willmott.

Answer 480

Most people do not choose alternatives to the nuclear family long-term ## Footnote Lone-parent families are not seen as a permanent choice.

Answer 481

They are misleading snapshots of a single moment in time ## Footnote They do not reflect the life cycle changes of individuals.

Answer 482

Patterns of marriage, child-rearing, and cohabitation ## Footnote These patterns indicate a continued preference for the nuclear family.

Answer 483

* Most people live in a household headed by a married couple * Most adults marry and have children * Most children are reared by their two natural parents * Most marriages continue until death * Divorce has increased, but most divorcees remarry * Cohabitation is often temporary before marriage * Most births outside marriage are jointly registered ## Footnote These patterns highlight the enduring nature of the nuclear family.

Answer 484

False ## Footnote Chester argues that the extent and importance of family diversity have been exaggerated.

Answer 485

Chester sees a change from a conventional to a neo-conventional nuclear family ## Footnote This reflects a shift in the roles within the nuclear family.

Answer 486

Diversity ## Footnote Rapoport and Rapoport believe that family diversity is crucial in analyzing modern family structures.

Answer 487

Traditional nuclear family ## Footnote The Rapoports argue that the traditional nuclear family is no longer the primary family structure in Britain.

Answer 488

Pluralistic society ## Footnote A pluralistic society is characterized by diverse cultures and lifestyles.

Answer 489

As a positive response to people's different needs ## Footnote Unlike the New Right, who see diversity as abnormal, the Rapoports view it positively.

Answer 490

Organisational, Cultural, Social class, Life-stage, Generational ## Footnote These types reflect the various ways families can differ in structure and roles.

Answer 491

roles ## Footnote Organisational diversity highlights the variation in how family roles are structured.

Answer 492

Higher proportion of female-headed lone-parent families among African-Caribbean households ## Footnote This reflects how different cultural groups have distinct family structures.

Answer 493

Differences in income and child-rearing practices ## Footnote Social class influences family dynamics and practices.

Answer 494

Differences in family structures according to the stage in the life cycle ## Footnote Examples include newlyweds, couples with children, and retired couples.

Answer 495

False ## Footnote Generational diversity suggests differing attitudes based on historical context.

Answer 496

Morality of divorce or cohabitation ## Footnote Attitudes towards family-related issues can vary significantly across generations.

Answer 497

The nuclear family ## Footnote Modernist perspectives argue that the nuclear family is the primary family type in contemporary society.

Answer 498

As a structure that shapes the behavior of its members ## Footnote Modernists believe that the family functions to meet societal requirements.

Answer 499

Individuals have no real choice about the pattern of family life ## Footnote This suggests that family behaviors are predictable and structured.

Answer 500

Orderly, structured, and predictable ## Footnote Most people follow traditional patterns such as marrying and having children.

Answer 501

Variety in family life ## Footnote The Rapoports identified different family structures that exist alongside the nuclear family.

Answer 502

Family structures have become fragmented into many different types ## Footnote Postmodernists argue that society has moved beyond the stable nuclear family.

Answer 503

There is no longer one single, dominant, stable family structure ## Footnote They assert that society has entered a chaotic, postmodern stage.

Answer 504

Increased freedom to choose personal relationships ## Footnote This reflects a shift towards individualized lifestyle choices.

Answer 505

Greater risk of instability in relationships ## Footnote The likelihood of relationships breaking up increases with more choices.

Answer 506

structural or 'top down' view ## Footnote This approach emphasizes the influence of family structure on individual behavior.

Answer 507

False ## Footnote Postmodernists highlight a variety of family forms instead of a singular structure.

Answer 508

Anthony Giddens and Ulrich Beck

Answer 509

Individualisation thesis

Answer 510

They have lost much of their influence over us

Answer 511

By fixed roles

Answer 512

Everyone was expected to marry and take up their appropriate gender role

Answer 513

'Do-it-yourself biography'

Answer 514

Having more freedom to choose how we lead our lives

Answer 515

The change in individual choice and disembedding from traditional structures

Answer 516

Individual choice and equality ## Footnote Giddens argues that traditional institutions like law, religion, and social norms no longer bind relationships.

Answer 517

The 'pure relationship' ## Footnote This concept reflects a shift away from traditional norms.

Answer 518

It exists solely to satisfy each partner's needs ## Footnote The relationship is maintained as long as it serves the interests of both partners.

Answer 519

Love, happiness, or sexual attraction ## Footnote Couples are not motivated by tradition, duty, or children.

Answer 520

The freedom to choose to enter and leave relationships ## Footnote This choice is part of the individual's self-discovery and identity.

Answer 521

Relationships become less stable ## Footnote The pure relationship is described as a 'rolling contract' that can be ended at will.

Answer 522

More lone-parent families, one-person households, stepfamilies ## Footnote This reflects greater family diversity resulting from less stable relationships.

Answer 523

'Zombie category' ## Footnote This term reflects the idea that while families seem functional, they are actually facing significant challenges and instability.

Answer 524

Security ## Footnote In an uncertain risk society, individuals often look to family as a source of safety.

Answer 525

Families are subject to greater risk and uncertainty than ever before ## Footnote This indicates that families, while desired to be safe havens, are increasingly unstable.

Answer 526

zombie ## Footnote The 'zombie' metaphor suggests a disconnection between appearance and reality.

Answer 527

False ## Footnote The text states that today's family cannot provide the security that people seek.

Answer 528

Their own instability ## Footnote Families are perceived as alive but are fundamentally struggling with internal issues.

Answer 529

Families and their members

Answer 530

Couples from having more than one child

Answer 531

Workplace family planning committees

Answer 532

* Free child healthcare * Higher tax allowances

Answer 533

Allowances and pay a fine

Answer 534

* Restricted contraception and abortion * Set up infertility treatment centres * Made divorce more difficult * Lowered the legal age of marriage to 15 * Imposed extra 5% income tax on unmarried adults and childless couples

Answer 535

Encouraged the healthy and supposedly 'racially pure' to breed a 'master race'

Answer 536

Many were later murdered in Nazi concentration camps

Answer 537

As a private sphere of life with little government intervention

Answer 538

[children, kitchen and church]

Answer 539

Priority in education and housing later in life

Answer 540

The legal age of marriage to 15

Answer 541

* Physical malformation * Mental retardation * Epilepsy * Imbecility * Deafness * Blindness

Answer 542

Harmony and consensus (shared values) ## Footnote Functionalists believe society is built on shared values and is free from major conflicts.

Answer 543

As acting in the interests of society as a whole ## Footnote Functionalists believe that social policies are designed for the good of all members of society.

Answer 544

They have led to the development of a welfare state supporting family functions ## Footnote Fletcher argues that health, education, and housing policies since the industrial revolution have helped families.

Answer 545

It helps families take care of sick members ## Footnote The NHS provides access to doctors, nurses, hospitals, and medicines.

Answer 546

It assumes all family members benefit equally ## Footnote Feminists argue that policies often favor men at the expense of women.

Answer 547

It assumes a 'march of progress' in social policies ## Footnote Marxists argue that policies can reverse previous progress, such as cutting welfare benefits.

Answer 548

effectively ## Footnote This reflects the functionalist perspective on the role of policies in society.

Answer 549

A conflict view of society, seeing policy as a form of state power and control over families. ## Footnote Donzelot contrasts his view with the functionalists, who see policy as beneficial to the family.

Answer 550

Michel Foucault's concepts of surveillance. ## Footnote Foucault's idea of power being diffused throughout society and present in relationships is central to Donzelot's argument.

Answer 551

As exercising power over their clients by using expert knowledge to categorize them as 'cases'. ## Footnote This categorization allows professionals to exert control and influence over individuals.

Answer 552

'The policing of families'. ## Footnote This concept highlights the role of professionals in surveilling and attempting to change family dynamics.

Answer 553

No, poor families are more likely to be seen as 'problem' families. ## Footnote These families are often targeted for intervention and improvement by professionals.

Answer 554

Compulsory Parenting Orders imposed through the courts. ## Footnote Parents of young offenders or truants may be forced to attend parenting classes.

Answer 555

The idea that social policy has created a better, freer, or more humane society. ## Footnote He argues that social policy is a form of state control over the family.

Answer 556

The micro level. ## Footnote This focus reveals the significance of professional knowledge as a form of power.

Answer 557

They criticize him for not clearly identifying who benefits from surveillance policies. ## Footnote Marxists argue these policies benefit the capitalist class, while feminists argue that men are the main beneficiaries.

Answer 558

It is critical, arguing that it undermines the conventional nuclear family.

Answer 559

They reward irresponsible or anti-social behaviour.

Answer 560

Some will abandon their responsibilities towards their families.

Answer 561

It encourages them to become pregnant.

Answer 562

More boys grow up without a male role model and authority figure.

Answer 563

A rising crime rate among young males.

Answer 564

It encourages a dependency culture.

Answer 565

* Successful socialisation of the young * Maintenance of the work ethic among men.

Answer 566

[dependency]

Answer 567

They reinforce women's economic dependence on their husbands by assuming husbands are the main wage-earners ## Footnote This makes it difficult for wives to claim social security benefits independently.

Answer 568

Government-funded childcare is insufficient for parents to work full-time, leading to women's economic dependence on partners ## Footnote Additional costs for childcare can restrict mothers from full-time work.

Answer 569

Government policies generally assume that families, particularly middle-aged women, will provide this care ## Footnote This expectation often prevents these women from working full-time.

Answer 570

Maternity leave is more generous than paternity leave, promoting the idea that mothers are primarily responsible for infant care ## Footnote This reinforces traditional gender roles within the family.

Answer 571

Maternity benefits are low, increasing mothers' economic dependence on their partners ## Footnote This can limit their financial independence.

Answer 572

Child benefit is usually paid to the mother, assuming she is primarily responsible for the child's welfare ## Footnote This reinforces traditional gender roles in family responsibilities.

Answer 573

Social policies help create and maintain patriarchal roles by facilitating women's responsibilities in family care and assuming men's role as providers ## Footnote This highlights the influence of policy on the social construction of family dynamics.

Answer 574

True ## Footnote Policies that appear supportive may still reinforce traditional family structures.