Families & Households - Changing Family Patterns Flashcards
What have been the changes in general trends in the family that have been increasing?
Divorce, remarriage & cohabitation
Lone parent families
People who live alone
Step-families/blended families
Marrying in later life
What have been the changes in general trends in the family that have been decreasing?
Traditional nuclear family households
First marriages
Large families
What is divorce?
The legal termination of a marriage
What is the major cause for changing family patterns & greater diversity?
Divorce
What are some consequences of divorce?
Lone parent households
Remarriage
What are some statistics of divorce?
Divorce doubled between 1961 & 1969, then doubled again between 1969 & 1972
Divorce rate was 118000 in 2012 (6x higher than 1961)
40% of marriages will end in divorce
65% of petitions for divorce come from women, 1946 -> 37% came from women
Why has the divorce rate increased since 1961?
Decreased tolerance for DV/adultery
More legal access to divorce
Increase in standards & expectations for marriage
More socially acceptable -> due to changing attitudes & declining stigma
Increase in secularisation
Women’s increased financial independence
How has the law changed from 1857 to 1969?
Pre 1857 -> divorce virtually non-existent & only attainable by special & expensive parliamentary act
1857 -> men could divorce unfaithful wives, women had to prove cruelty/matrimonial offences (expensive)
1921-> 3000 divorces
1923-> grounds for divorce equalised for men & women
1937-> grounds for divorce widened to include desertification & adultery
1949-> legal aid available & more affordable
1961-> 27000 divorces (9x more than 1921)
1969 -> divorce reform act came into effect (1971) & made it irretrievable breakdown of marriage were the sole grounds for divorce (had to prove behaviour of e.g. adultery/desertification/separation with/without consent -> divorce available after 2 years agreed separation
How has the law changed from 1984-2014?
1984 -> minimum period of marriage before petition could be filed was reduces from 3 to 1 year
1996 -> family law act encouraged couples to seek medication but allows divorce after ‘period of reflection’
2004 -> civil partnership act allows legal dissolution of a civil partnership on same grounds of marriage (irretrievable breakdown)
2007 -> (appeal court ruling) divorce rulings -> principal of equality applies so the starting point is 50-50 split of all assets (including salaries & pension rights)
2014 -> same sex marriage legal -> grounds of divorce apply for both gay & straight couples
What were the 3 kinds of change in the law for divorce?
Equal grounds
Widening grounds
Making divorce cheaper
What is stigma?
A negative label of social disapproval/shame attached to a person, action or relationship
What happened in the past surrounding divorce?
The church tended to condemn divorce & often refused to conduct marriage services for divorcees
SOCIOLOGIST: What did Mitchell & Goody say about declining stigma & changing attitudes about divorce?
They note important change since the 1960s has caused a rapid decline in stigma attached to divorce & as stigma continues to decline & divorce becomes more socially acceptable couples are more likley to see divorce as a meas of solving marital problems
What is secularisation?
A decline of religious influence in society
How has secularisation changed over time?
Church attendance has been declining due to less religious influence, therefore the traditional opposition of the church of divorce carries less weight in society & people are less likley to be influences by religious teachings when making decisions -> churches have softened their views on divorce
What did the 2001 census say about religion relating to secularism?
47% identifies as non-religious were cohabiting compared to 34% Christians, 17% Muslims, 11% Hindus & 10% Sikhs
How has rising expectations of marriage changed over time?
Higher expectations mean couples are less willing to tolerate unhappy marriages (linked to the ideology of romantic love)
How were expectations of marriage like in the past?
People had little choice in whom they married as marriage was often out of duty to one’s family or for economic reasons
SOCIOLOGIST: What did Allen & Crow say about rising expectations of marriage?
“Love, personal commitment & intrinsic satisfaction is now seen as the cornerstones of marriage & the absences of these feelings is justification for ending the relationship”
SOCIOLOGIST: What does Fletcher say about rising expectations of marriage?
Has an optimist view -> marriage is still popular as most adults still marry & the number of remarriages has increased which shows society has not rejected marriage as an institution
What are criticisms of divorce?
Feminists -> the oppression of women within the family is the main cause of marital conflict which functionalist ignore
Functionalists offer an explanation for the increase in divorce rates but not for why mainly women petition for divorce
How has an increase of women’s financial dependence affected divorce?
Women may seek divorce due to improvements in their economic position
Women are more likely to be in paid work now -> 53% in 1971, 67% in 2010
Anti discrimination laws have helped narrow the pay gap (although women generally earn less than men)
Girls’ greater success in education helps them to pursue different careers
Welfare benefits mean women dont have to remain financially dependent on husbands