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Sociological Studies > Families and Relationships > Flashcards

Families and Relationships Flashcards

1
Q

Young and Willmott (1973) The symmetrical family

A

Functionalist
‘Symmetrical family’
Each person in the family has specific functions

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2
Q

Oakley (1974) Negative role of housewife

A

Feminist
Nuclear family is harmful and people should have more open ideas of family

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3
Q

Rapoport and Rapoport

A

Study into diversity of families (class, division of labour, etc)

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4
Q

Murdock (1949) The universal nuclear family

A

4 functions of nuclear families-
- Educational (primary socialisation)- children taught norms and values
- Economic- pooling resources
- Reproductive- produces next generation
- Sexual- adult sexual relationships remain stable

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5
Q

Beck & Beck-Gernsheim (1995) Individualization

A

Social change and greater uncertainty make people spend more time and effort deciding what to do with their lives.

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6
Q

Spencer (2005) Lone-parent families

A

Combining lone-parenting and employment puts significant strain on parents, particularly when they work long and inconvenient hours or hold demanding positions.

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7
Q

Grant (2006) Step fathers

A

Stepfathers more common than stepmothers, and having a stepfather can be more beneficial for children.

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8
Q

Farr (2019) Same-sex families

A

Longitudinal Study with 100 adopted families, and found no differences in outcomes of middle-aged children between same-sex and opposite-sex families. Generally, all children were well adjusted and saw being adopted as positive, irrespective of the sexuality of their parents.

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9
Q

Klinenberg (2013) Living alone

A

People living alone make up 28 percent of all U.S. households, and these people are deeply engaged in social and civic life, and have better mental health

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10
Q

Roseneil & Budgeon (2004) Breaking down the heteronorm

A

Aspects of intimacy and emotional relationship are increasingly taking place outside the family. There were 2 key changes:
- friends taking the place of family
- the decentering of conjugal relationships

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11
Q

Heath (2004) The rise of the kippers

A

notes the rise of the kippers (kids in parents pockets) - young people who still live with their parents after they have completed their education.

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12
Q

Giddens (1992) Transformation of intimacy

A
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13
Q

Fletcher (1966) Linking divorce and marriage expectations

A

argues that higher divorce rates were linked to a higher value being placed on marriage. It has changed from a relationship based on economic and practical reasons to a relationship of love and support.

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14
Q

Chambers (2012) Continued stigmatization of divorce, cohabitation and lone-parenthood

A
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15
Q

Allan & Crowe (2001) Changing role of women

A

argue that the changing position of women in society is the main reason for the increase in divorce. In the 1940’s women did not have the resources to file for a divorce. In 2012 65% of divorces were initiated by women as since the 1970’s far more married women are employed. However most women still find themselves more financially disadvantaged after a divorce.

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16
Q

Jones (2011) The role of grandparents

A

says grandparents can be seen as part of the ‘reserve army of labour.’ Marxists use this term to describe a group of workers who replace paid workers when there is a shortage of labour, helping to keep down the cost of wages.

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17
Q

Brannen (2003) Beanpole families

A

A family of 3, 4 or even 5 generations. However they may not live together but close to each other. Beanpoles because there are many generations but not many in each generation. Therefore older generations offer support for families that are going through divorce or lone-parent families.

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18
Q

Crompton (2005) The family and class reproduction

A

Class still plays a part in ensuring class reproduction. Most children will follow their parents into the same class in society.
* This is for economic reasons as wealthier parents can pass on money giving them an advantage. They can invest in their children’s education.

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19
Q

Gillies (2005) Class differences in the family

A

She found significant class differences in parenting. Some key findings were:
* Middle class parents used a range of resources to support their children especially in developing social skills and education. Whereas working class parents teach children coping strategies for poverty.
* Middle class parents emphasised their children’s individuality and their right to be respected. However working class parents did not wish their children to be seen as special.
* Middle school parents felt confident when dealing with teachers and could draw on a range of expensive specialists to produce reports on their children. However working class parents were reluctant to have their children clinically diagnosed with a problem.

20
Q

Berthoud (2001) Tradition in Asian families

A

suggests that South Asians remain in many ways more traditional than white people.

21
Q

Weeks et al (1999) Same sex families as ‘chosen families’

A

Observe that many gay and lesbian relationships describe themselves as friendships networks and chosen families. They are able to choose who is in their family.

22
Q

Parsons (1951) Parsons and Bales (1955) Specialisation of family functions, nuclear family

A

Functionalist
Families socialise children and providing emotional support for adults

23
Q

Popenoe (1996) Biological imperatives of nuclear family

A

approach has been seen has neo-functionalist. Popenoe argues that there are biological necessities that underlie the way families are organised. For example men and women are biologically different so women are more suited to bringing up and nurturing children. Popenoe says we need a set of guidelines for how a family should be. He implies some types of families are less functional.

24
Q

Dennis & Erdos (2000) Problems of families without fathers

A

They argued that children raised by single mother’s children on average have lower educational attainment and poorer health than children from 2 parent families. Boys don’t see a father figure taking responsibility and grow up to be immature, irresponsible and anti-social.

25
Q

Zaretsky (1976) Family supporting Capitalist system

A

Marxist
Family hides the truths of capitalism and perpetuates the system of consumerism and capitalism

26
Q

Cooper (1972) The death of the family

A

Influenced by Marxism- People develop a sense that they own their partners and children which restricts the ability for people to grow as individuals.
Cooper says we live in a hierarchical and unequal society where those with higher up control those below them. The family is a miniature version of this, where children accept that they are at the bottom of the hierarchy. Cooper feels children are socialised to accept their place in society.

27
Q

Delphy and Leonard (1992) Female exploitation in the family

A

Feminist
Family maintains patriarchy and oppresses women for the benefit of men

28
Q

Finch (2007) Family display

A

has developed this further with the idea of family display. This means that groups of individuals convey to each other and to relevant audiences that their certain actions constitute as doing family things and thereby confirm that these relationships are family relationships. E.g family meals, family photographs and wedding.

29
Q

Hakim (2010) Women and domestic labour

A

Argue that women can make free and rational choices about their lives.

30
Q

What percentage of single parents with children aged 7-15 are employed?

A

71%

31
Q

Emile Durkheim, cult of the individual

A

modern industrial societies have encouraged people to care more about their own needs

32
Q

What do new right thinkers about the decline of marriage?

A

It is weakening family values

33
Q

Germaine Greer (2000)

A

sees the decline in marriage as positive development resulting in women’s unwillingness to accept oppression. Women have more options than the 20th century because they are better educated

34
Q

Divorce was legalized in the UK in…

A

1857

35
Q

Divorce for women was legalized in…

A

1923

36
Q

Divorce Reform Act

A

1969

37
Q

Divorce, Dissolution and Separation Act

A

2020
Removed ability to make allegations against spouse
Allowed for joint divorce

38
Q

Percentage of same-sex families

A

0.34%

39
Q

Growth in percentage of same-sex families

A

53% growth between 2015 and 2018

40
Q

Reason for growth in same-sex families

A

Legalisation of gay marriage in 2014

41
Q

Average family size

A

2.4 people

42
Q

Birth Rate 1920

A

3.1 babies per woman

43
Q

Birth Rate 1990

A

1.83 babies per woman

44
Q

Birth Rate 2022

A

1.73 babies per woman

45
Q

Percentage of people over 65 (2022)

A

18.6%

46
Q

Percentage of people over 65 (2011)

A

16.4%

Sociological Studies (4 decks)

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