Culture and Identity

Question 1

Giddens and Sutton (2017)

Answer 1

‘primary identity’ (primary socialisation), ‘secondary identity’ (secondary socialisation)

Question 2

Dwight MacDonald

Question 3

Herbert Gans

Question 4

Barrie Thorne

Question 5

Kath Woodward

Question 6

Cooley (1902)

Answer 6

Looking-glass self
We develop our self-identity through how we think others view us.

Question 7

Jenkins (2008)

Answer 7

ID still rooted in groups/experience – no change

Question 8

Bordieu

Answer 8

Middle class success is a result of high cultural capital. Wealthy children are socialised by parents to appreciate high culture. (Marxist)

Question 9

Oakley

Answer 9

Parents socialise boys and girls differently

Question 10

Mac & Ghaill

Answer 10

‘Crisis of masculinity’

Question 11

Goffman

Answer 11

‘All the world’s a stage’- front stage is how we present ourselves to everyone, backstage is private, only VIPs allowed

Question 12

Giddens (detraditionalisation)

Answer 12

Globalisation challenges our traditions

Question 13

Mead (1963)

Answer 13

I/Me/Self
Me= how we are defined in specific social roles
I= self-opinion based on others’ reactions

Question 14

Lawler (2014)

Question 15

Becker (1963)

Question 16

Bauman (2004)

Answer 16

Postmodernist: fixed social group identities becoming

Question 17

Woodward (2003)

Answer 17

individual identity = self definitions, name/passport/DNA/histories/relationships

Question 18

Parsons (1951)

Answer 18

Functionalist: primary socialisation crucial – adapting newborns into social being, school bridge between particularistic values/ ascribed status and universalistic/ achieved

Question 19

Durkheim

Answer 19

Functionalist: schools ‘society in miniature’, religion provides beliefs/codes which unite – social harmony and value consensus

Question 20

Scott (1991)

Answer 20

Traditional upper class subculture includes: primary/secondary socialisation into attitudes/networks (school, ‘old boys’), military service, domestic staff, high culture, codes/etiquette, leisure (hunting, racing, Wimbledon), sense of leadership/superiority

Question 21

Murray (1989, 1990)

Answer 21

New Right: characterised: family instability, ‘yob culture’, crime/benefit cheating, educational exclusion, work shy

Question 22

Clarke & Saunders (1991)

Answer 22

Class as form of identity has declining importance, fragmented, replaced by other influences

Question 23

Connell (1995)

Answer 23

Feminist: ‘hegenomic masculinity’ (sexuality, dominance, aggression)

Question 24

Oakley (1972)

Answer 24

Feminist: children socialised into gender identities in family via manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellations, differential activity exposure

Question 25

Butler (1990)

Answer 25

Feminist: gender/desire fluid/flexible, gender is a performance (‘performatively constituted by the very ‘expressions’ that are said to be its results’), deconstruct hegemony by subverting gender

Question 26

Sewell (1996)

Answer 26

black identities reinforced coping with racist teachers

Question 27

Modood et al. (1994)

Answer 27

interviews/group discussions exploring meaning of ID of Asian groups (largest = Indian, Bangladeshi, Pakistani) – associated with arrange marriage, Bollywood, Bhangra music – differing language, dress, diets, religions, religious institutions, holidays

Question 28

Fanon (1952)

Answer 28

‘Black Skin, White Masks’: re. oppression of black people – ‘White Masks’ = self ID of black people – survival strategy – denial ethnicity/adopt dom white culture to achieve social acceptance (can apply to all ethnic minorities)

Question 29

Hall (1992)

Answer 29

nations = shared stories/symbols/experiences – draw on for identity (e.g. flag, festivals, heroes, music). Hybridity = global significance of events/reporting, diverse food, travelling & immigration, EU/Euro. Nationalism vs globalisation

Question 30

Shakespeare (1998)

Answer 30

disability = social construction – ‘people become disabled…because they have physical or mental differences from the majority’, ‘…relationship between people with an impairment and a society which discriminates against them’

Question 31

Lyotard (1984)

Answer 31

metanarratives no longer explain ID – fluidity

Question 32

Bradley (1994)

Answer 32

identities via globalisation = ‘pick ‘n’ mix’ – cultures in contact. social inequalities important but weakened influence – more fluidity – still constraints on choice