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Physiology > Fall Test 1.2 > Flashcards

Fall Test 1.2 Flashcards

1
Q

FLOW =

A

∆Pressure/Resistance

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2
Q

Resistance is affected by:

A

Change in viscosity (direct)

Radius of tube (inverse)

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3
Q

_ changes resistance more than _ does

A

Radius

Viscosity

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4
Q

How do electrical impulses travel through cardiac muscle

A

Gap junctions

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5
Q

Parasympathetic receptor in heart. Where and what kind?

Sympathetic. Where and what kind? Activated by?

A

P: muscarinic in atria

S: Beta in atria and ventricles
Activated by NE (NTM) and E (hormone)

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6
Q

Heart can’t contract if it doesn’t _

A

Depolarize

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7
Q

Electrical signal in heart

A

SA
AV
His
Bundle branches

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8
Q

Atrial contractions are _ in speed

Ventricular contractions are _

A

Slow

Fast

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9
Q

Rapid depolarization phase is due to _

A

Na channels opening

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10
Q

Plateau phase is due to

A

Ca entering

K exiting

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11
Q

Depolarization is due to

A

K channels

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12
Q

Number of funny channels from most to least

A

SA, AV, His, branches

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13
Q

A cell won’t spontaneously contract if it doesn’t have _

A

Funny channels

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14
Q

What happens at:
P wave:
QRS
T

A

Atrial depolarization
Ventricular depolarization
Ventricular repolarization

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15
Q

Calcium induced calcium release is facilitated by _ receptors

A

Ryanodine

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16
Q

Plateau phase serves what two purposes

A
  1. Calcium can enter

2. Refractory period so heart can fill with blood

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17
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling:

A

Links cardiac muscle action potentials to contraction via control of calcium

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18
Q

Systemic and pulmonary circulations are in _

A

Series

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19
Q

Organs in systemic circulation are in _

A

Parallel

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20
Q

Why is it important organs are in parallel

A

Each organ will get fully oxygenated blood

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21
Q

difference b/t right and left sides of heart?

A

Pressure. Cardiac output, stroke vol, heart rate all same

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22
Q

CARDIAC OUTPUT =

A

Heart Rate x Stroke volume

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23
Q

T/F sympathetic activation of B receptor in atria increases stroke volume

A

FALSE. It increases heart rate only. Symp to ventricle increases stroke vol.

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24
Q

To speed up heart rate, you can do what three things

A

⬆️Sympathetic activation to heart
⬇️Parasympathetic to heart
⬆️Plasma epinephrine

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25
Two things that influence stroke volume
Preload: EDV | Magnitude of symp. Input to ventricles
26
Frank starling mechanism
To increase stroke volume: | Fill it with more blood. Increase stretch will align actin and myosin more optimally. More cross bridges.
27
How does sympathetic activation of ventricle increase stroke volume
Increased Ca makes muscle contract harder
28
MAP determines _
Organ blood flow
29
Aorta makes _ flow with _ pump
Continuous | Discontinuous
30
Flow of an organ =
MAP/Resistance of the organ
31
Local control of organ blood flow keys on
Metabolites
32
Increased metabolic activity (active hyperemia) results eventually in
Increased blood flow to organ
33
Active skeletal muscle is under _ control
Local
34
Flow autoregulation is
Restoration of blood flow toward organ after decreased arterial pressure
35
Extrinsic control of arterioles is done by _, by _
Sympathetic | Stimulation of alpha receptors (vasoconstriction)
36
How does symp cause vasodilation
Stopping it causes vasodilation
37
Cross section area in capillaries is _ Speed through capillaries is _ Why?
High Low To give max SA and low speed for most diffusion possible
38
Filtration is moving _ from _ to _ Absorption is moving _ from _ to _
Water from blood to interstitial fluid | Water from interstitial fluid to blood
39
Capillary pressure =
Blood pressure
40
Albumin conc in blood causes _ due to _
Absorption | Osmotic pressure
41
What determines filtration vs absorption
Capillary hydrostatic pressure Vs. Capillary osmotic pressure. Higher wins
42
Alterations in venous return affect _ which alters _, and therefore _
EDV Stroke volume Cardiac volume
43
Three things needed to prevent anemia
Iron Folic acid B12
44
Erythropoiesis is _ regulated
Hormonal LH
45
Causes of anemia
``` Iron/folic acid/B12 deficiency Bone marrow failure Hemorrhage Not enough erythropoietin Destruction of RBCs ```
46
Hemostasis is accomplished by
Platelet plug | Blood clotting
47
Coronary vascular bed does what to increase blood flow?
Decrease resistance, increasing flow
48
F=
(MAP - VP) / R
49
Map determines _
Organ blood flow
50
MAP =
Cardiac Output x Total Peripheral Resistance
51
Cardiac Output =
Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
52
To increase MAP we can increase _ which can be done by increasing _ or _, or increase _
CO HR or SV TPR
53
_ is the most important homeostatic variable in the body
MAP
54
TPR can be adjusted by _ or by _
Molecular controls (vasodilators/restrictors) Blood viscosity (hematocrit)
55
Increasing sympathetic activation to atria will increase _ which will increase _ which will increase
Heart Rate Cardiac output MAP
56
MAP is the pressure in
The aorta
57
Baroreceptors are in _ and _ and detect _
Aortic arch Carotid sinus MAP
58
To alter MAP quickly _ stimulate _
Baroreceptors Sympathetics/parasympathetics (If it’s either too high or too low)
59
Baroreceptors relay info to the _ of the _
CVCC (cardiovascular control center) | Medulla
60
What would a drop in MAP do to heart rate, peripheral veins, and arterioles? Peripheral vein changes contribute to _ Arterioles constriction contributes to _
Increase heart rate by symp. Constrict veins/arterioles EDV TPR
61
Symp. Receptors in heart, vessels Parasymp receptors in heart, vessels
Beta in atria and ventricles Alpha in vessels Muscarinic in atria, none in vessels
62
For a long term change to MAP, the _ will kick in. How does it work to decrease MAP
Kidneys MAP too high, kidneys will put Na and H2O into urine, decreasing plasma volume, decreasing Blood volume, decreasing venous return, decreasing EDV, decreasing stroke volume, decreasing CO, which decreases MAP
63
Hydrostatic pressure =
BP
64
Old people who don’t drink to not pee can suffer from _
Hypovolemic shock
65
Metabolite build up causes what
Smooth muscles dilate, decreased resistance
66
During exercise, CO will increase but TPR will decrease. Why is there still an increase in MAP
The increase in CO is bigger than the decrease in TPR
67
To increase venous return, the symp activation of veins causes
Venous restriction

Physiology (6 decks)

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