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1,2 Flashcards

1
Q

Electrical events are mechanisms for what 3 purposes

A

Cell to cell communication
Sensing environmental changes
Triggering intracellular events

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2
Q

Extracellular fluid has high _ conc.

Intracellular fluid has high _ conc.

A

Na - out

K - in

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3
Q

_ molecules diffuse through membrane with no energy requirement

A

Non-polar organic

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4
Q

Ions cross membranes through

A

Channels

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5
Q

O2, CO2, fatty acids, steroid hormones move how

A

Simple diffusion

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6
Q

Flux

A

Substance crossing surface per unit of time

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7
Q

Diffusion b/t two compartments is always which direction

A

Bidirectional

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8
Q

Net flux = 0 means

A

Diffusion equilibrium

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9
Q

Two types of mediated transport

A

Facilitated diffusion

Active transport

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10
Q

In active transport, energy can affect what two things

A

Affinity of the transporter for ligand on one side more than the other

Rate of transporter conformational change

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11
Q

Active transport moves Na ions in what direction?

K ions?

A

Na - Out

K - In

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12
Q

How is secondary active transport powered?

Example?

A

Ion conc. Gradient:

Na pushes amino acids into cells

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13
Q

Three factors determining the rate of flux:

A 
Number of transporters
Extent of transporter saturation
       -transporter affinity
       -ligand conc.
Rate of transporter conformational change
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14
Q

3 types of channels

A

Ligand sensitive
Voltage sensitive
Mechanosensitive

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15
Q

Water moves through

A

Aquaporins

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16
Q

Osmolarity

A

1 mole of NaCl = 2 osmoles

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17
Q

Normal osmolarity of extracellular fluid

A

300 mOsm

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18
Q

Tonicity vs. osmolarity

A

Tonicity is non-penetrating solutes only

Osmolarity is penetrating and non-penetrating

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19
Q

T/F a solution can be hyperosmotic and hypertonic simult.

A

TRUE

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20
Q

Pinocytosis is done by _

Phago is done by _

A

All cells

Phagocytes

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21
Q

Intracellular has more _, _ and _ than external.

Extracellular has more _ and _

A

K, Ca, and Organic anions

Na, Cl

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22
Q

Voltage resistance and current across a membrane

A

Voltage: charge diff b/t inside and outside of a cell

Resistance: voltage/current

Current: ion movement across membrane when R changes

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23
Q

Conductance =

A

1/Resistance

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24
Q

Nernst equation

A

Eofx = (58/z) log ([X1]/[X2])

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25
Diffusion potentials can be what two things
Transient (change) | Steady
26
Steady diffusion potential occurs when
Concentration force is balanced by electrical force
27
T/F: resting membrane potential = Ek
FALSE
28
What does the Na/K pump do?
Moves K ions into cell Moves Na ions out of cell Helps maintain resting membrane potential
29
De/repolarization refer to a deviation from _
Resting potential (-70mV)
30
Steps of an AP
1. Increase Na+ membrane permeability 2. Na+ ions enter 3. Depolarization 4. Threshold (more Na+ channels open) 5. Rising phase 6. Rapid overshooting (peak at +40) 7. K channels open 8. Membrane potential abruptly reverses 9. Afterpolarization (lasts longest)
31
Latent period
Time b/t applying a stimulus and beginning of depolarization
32
Two reasons why peak of AP stops at +40 mV
1. Conc. Gradient and elect. Gradient are balanced at peak of AP 2. Resting memb. Potential is close to Ek
33
Absolute vs. relative refractory
A- no matter what, can't | R- only suprathreshold stimulus can elicit
34
Puffer fish toxin affects
Na channels
35
Rheobase:
Magnitude of least intense stimulus that can elicit a response
36
Utilization time:
Duration required to elicit a response by a stimulus with rheobase magnitude
37
Chronaxie:
Duration required to elicit response for a stimulus that has a magnitude 2x rheobase
38
What happens at cathodes and anodes
cathodes: Cathode causes cations to move towards it Aonde attracts anions
39
7 types of nerve fibers and function
``` Aalpha: motor, proprioception Abeta: touch, pressure Agamma: muscle spindles Adelta: pain, cold, touch B: Preganglionic autonomic C dorsal root: pain, temp, mechano, reflexes C symp: postganglionic sympathetic ```
40
Neurons don't divide, except for _
Hippocampus neurogenesis
41
What happens in the soma
Protein synthesis
42
Dendrites respond with
Graded potentials
43
90% of cells in CNS are:
Glial cells
44
Myelination is made by _ in PNS and _ in CNS
Schwann cells in PNS | Oligodentdrocytes in CNS
45
_ myelinate multiple axons
Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
46
Motor protein of anterograde transport: Of retrograde transport:
Kinesins | Dyneins
47
HSV I is in what % of adults
Up to 75%
48
T/F damaged CNS neurons regenerate
False. Axons sprout but don't reach target
49
What prevents sprouting axons from reaching targets
Scar formation
50
Astrocytes make _ that inhibit neuron growth
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans
51
T/F PNS functional recovery can occur
True, depending on severity
52
_ regulates gene expression and promotes sprouting and is made by _
NGF (nerve growth factor) | Schwann cells
53
The _ synapse is faster than the _ synapse
Electrical | Chemical
54
Steps in synaptic transmission
``` Action potential to terminal Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open Ca enters axon terminal Neurotransmitter is released NT binds to postsynaptic receptors ```
55
Drugs at synapses can affect what
``` Leakage of neurotransmitter Transmitter release Transmitter synthesis Transmitter reuptake Transmitter metabolism Mimic or block transmitter action Inhibit or stimulate second messenger activity ```
56
Difference b/t neurotransmitter and neuromodulator
``` NT's are fast -rapid communication -acts on postsynaptic cell NM's are slow -dampen or amplify activity -change protein synthesis or enzyme activity ```
57
4 neurons that release Ach
Motor neurons Neurons in basal nuc and pons Preganglionic symp and parasymp Postganglionic parasymp
58
Muscarinic receptors are found in both CNS and PNS, but also specifically _
Parasympathetic postganglionic synapse
59
Myasthenia gravis does what
Antibodies to nicotinic receptors
60
Catecholamines are a type of _, three common ones are _ and they are made from the amino acid _
Biogenic amine Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine Tyrosine
61
Two ways to terminate a catecholamine action
Presynaptic neuron reuptake | Degradation by monoamine oxidase
62
Catecholamine and other biogenic amine receptors are almost always _ receptors
G-protein coupled
63
Catecholamines and other biogenic amines are involved in what functions What are some dysfunctions
Arousal/attention, feeding, movement, cognitive function Parkinson's, depression, schizophrenia
64
Dopamine is found in what two main areas
Ventral tegmental -reward/addiction Substantial nigra -Parkinson's
65
Dopamine D1 and D2 do what
D1: activate adenylate cyclase D2: inhibit adenylate cyclase
66
Inhibitions of adenylate cyclase leads to _
Hyperpolarization
67
Drugs like antidepressants and antiemetic can cause _
Tardive dyskinesia
68
Tardive dyskinesia can come when drugs block _
D2 receptors
69
Types of NE receptors, what kind of effects do they have
Alpha 1,2 Beta 1,2,3 Effect can vary depending on receptor
70
NE is especially found in _
Locus ceruleus
71
Serotonin locations
Rostral raphe nuclei | Caudal raphe nuclei
72
Histamine is found where
Small population of hypothalamic neurons
73
3 main biogenic amines
Catecholamines Serotonin Histamine
74
Glutamate and aspartate are _ amino acid neurotransmitters
Excitatory
75
AA neurotransmitters bind what two types of receptors
Ionotropic | Metabotropic
76
The NMDA receptor is a _ receptor that is involved in functions that _
AA | Last (memory formation, chronic pain)
77
Two factors promoting Long Term Potentiation
Phosphorylation of NMDA receptor | Calcium entry into cell via NMDA receptor
78
The main inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter is _. It's associated with what disorder? The other inhibitory AA NTM is _
GABA Huntington Chorea Glycine
79
T/F each peptide NTM has one function
FALSE - each can have multiple functions
80
T/F peptide NTM are not recycled
TRUE - the action is terminated by proteolysis and diffusion
81
7 possible actions of drugs on a synapse
1. Increase transmitter into cleft 2. Block transmitter release 3. Modulate transmitter synthesis 4. Block transmitter reuptake 5. Block enzymes that metabolize transmitter 6. Bind to postsynaptic ionotropic receptor 7. Bind to postsynaptic G-protein coupled receptors
82
Ionotropic vs. metabotropic
Ionotropic: ion channel directly gated Metabotropic: G-protein/2nd messenger
83
Sympathetic: Preganglionic NTM Postganglionic NTM Parasympathetic: Preganglionic NTM Postganglionic NTM
Symp Pre: Ach Post: epinephrine, norepinephrine Para Pre: Ach Post: Ach
84
_ acetylcholine receptors are G-protein linked
Muscarinic
85
_ ACh receptors are bound to ion channels
Nicotinic
86
NMDA receptor is what and what does it do
N methyl d aspartate | Involved in functions that last
87
Phosphorylation of NMDA receptor does what
Permanently removes Mg block

Physiology (6 decks)

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