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Physiology > 6,7,8,9 > Flashcards

6,7,8,9 Flashcards

1
Q

Convergence of nociceptive and non-nociceptive afferents and peripheral afferents with different receptive fields occurs where

A

MDH, medullary dorsal horn

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2
Q

T/F referred paint happens under normal conditions

A

FALSE, only happens under pathological cond.

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3
Q

T/F pain is not confined to MDH

A

TRUE, trigeminal tractotomy still shows pain

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4
Q

Neurosurgeons have been cutting the trigeminal tract where to relieve pain?

A

In front of nucleus caudalis (MDH)

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5
Q

T/F Hyperalgesia can occur by both peripheral and central sensitization

A

TRUE

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6
Q

T/F all oral and facial pain is mediated by trigeminal fibers terminating in MDH

A

FALSE

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7
Q

Sequence from AP in motor neuron to AP in sarcolemma of muscle cell

(8 Steps)

A
  1. AP to presynaptic terminal
  2. Ca2+
  3. Exocytosis and release of ACh
  4. ACh crosses and binds to receptors of motor endplate
  5. Na+ and K+ channels (chemical) open at motor endplate
  6. Generation of endplate potential
  7. Voltage regulated Na+ channels in sarcolemma open
  8. AP in sarcolemma
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8
Q

Endplate potential is _ in amplitude

A

Graded

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9
Q

3 things that can paralyze by affecting AChR

A

Curare
Botox
Organophosphates

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10
Q

Sarcomere goes from _ to _

A

Z line to z line

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11
Q

Thin filaments are made of _

A

Two intertwined helical chains of actin molecules

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12
Q

Surrounding a thin filament, tropomyosin is like _ and troponin is like _

A

Cords

Balls

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13
Q

Sarcomeres are made of what 3 things

A

Thick filaments
Thin filaments
Z lines

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14
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling is what

A

Mechanism by which AP in sarcolemma initiates contraction

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15
Q

Amount of force generated is proportional to _

Rate of cross bridge cycle determines _

A

Attached cross bridges

Rate of muscle shortening

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16
Q

Why is there no apparent change in ATP conc. In early muscle contraction

A

Robust ATP buffering system

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17
Q

The [ATP] inside muscle cells is buffered by _

A

Phosphocreatine

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18
Q

Creating kinase takes _ and _ and makes _ and _

A

PCr + ADP

ATP + Cr

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19
Q

The most important protein at the M line is _

A

Creatine kinase

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20
Q

The 2 main consumers of ATP in muscle cycle are:

A

Myosin

Relaxation

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21
Q

Mosaic distribution:

A

Motor units are intermingled

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22
Q

Slow fibers vs. fast fibers

A 
Smaller NMJ
Smaller diameter
Different sarcomere protein isoforms
Contract slower
More fatigue resistant
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23
Q

ATP production:
Fast fibers do more _

Slow fibers do more _

A

Glycolysis

Oxidative phosphorylation

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24
Q

Type I - type IIA - type IIB fibers

A

I - slow, fatigue resistant
IIA - faster but like I
IIB - fast, fatigue quick

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25
Why is fiber size important
Smaller can fit capillaries around them (do oxidative metabolism)
26
Gap junctions in cardiac muscle do what
Transmit AP from 1 myocyte to another
27
Nebulin isn't present in _. Why is this significant
Cardiac sarcomeres W/o it, thin filament lines in the heart can vary so that different amounts of blood can be expelled with equal force from the heart
28
The mitochondria level in the heart is _ compared to that in skeletal muscle
Much greater
29
T/F electrical potential and heart contraction overlap
TRUE, don't in skeletal muscle
30
AP in heart ventricle vs. AP in skeletal muscle
Heart ~200 ms | Skeletal muscle ~3 ms
31
Shape of graphed ventricular muscle membrane potential
Like cursive r
32
Instead of JUST getting and removing Ca2+ from the SR, cardiac muscle gets and removes Ca how?
Gets Ca2+ from interstitial space during AP plateau Removed by sarcolemma Ca-ATPase Na/Ca secondary active transport exchanger
33
Smooth muscle does not have _, but both others do
Troponin
34
Smooth muscle cell length is more _ than striated
More variable (greater range of lengths)
35
Economy of smooth muscle
Much higher
36
Excitation-contraction coupling in smooth muscle
``` Stimulus Increase Ca Ca + calmoldulin Ca-calm. + MLCK Ca-calm-MLCK activated Contracts myosin ```
37
_ does the opposite of MLCK
Phosphatase
38
In addition to SR, smooth muscle gets Ca from _
Extracellular fluid
39
T/F no nmj in smooth muscle
TRUE
40
Smooth muscle contraction pathway
Cytosolic Ca Ca binds to calmodulin Ca-calmodulin binds to MLCK Ca-calmodulin-MLCK uses ATP to phosphorylation myosin cross bridges Phosphorylated cross bridges bind to actin Produces tension and shortening
41
In general, all jaw closers have more slow myosin _ and _
Anterior | Deep
42
Muscle spindles detect
Length
43
Intrafusal vs. extrafusal muscle fibers
Intrafusal sense length | Extrafusal do work
44
Golgi tendon organs are where and do what
Receptors in junction b/t ends of muscle fibers and tendons Signal amount of force generated
45
Free nerve endings in joints can be what two things
Nociceptive Provide information about joint position
46
Electromyography gathers info about what
Muscle activations
47
Two jaw opening muscles
Digastric, lateral pterygoid
48
3 jaw closers
Masseter Temporalis Medial pterygoid
49
Carnivores have a large _ muscle | Herbivores have a large _ muscle
Temporalis | Masseter
50
2 Sensory nuclei involved in mastication, what they do
Trigeminal sensory nucleus - cells innervate face/mouth - project to cerebral/cerebellar cortices Trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus -cell bodies of spindle afferents from jaw closers, mechanoreceptors in PDL, gingiva, palate
51
3 motor nuclei involved in mastication
Trigeminal motor Hypoglossal motor Facial motor
52
T/F the brain stem can function autonomously in the control of mastication
TRUE
53
Afferent fibers for jaw-closing reflex come from
Muscle spindles
54
Jaw-closing reflex is _, which means it is very fast with almost no modulation from higher centers
Monosynaptic
55
Jaw opening reflex is _, which means it is highly modulated for specific stimulus
Polysynaptic
56
Trace jaw opening reflex (5 steps)
``` Stimulus Afferents to spinal trigeminal tract nuc Interneurons Alpha motor neurons in trigeminal motor nuc Innervate jaw openers ```
57
_ cranial nerves are involved in swallowing
6
58
What is the facultative group of muscles
Mandibular - masseter - medial pterygoid - temporalis Facial - labial - buccinator
59
T/F the epiglottis is required to prevent aspiration of food
False
60
4 stages of swallowing
Preparatory Oral Pharyngeal Esophageal
61
The _ is the swallowing center
Brain stem
62
Sensory nuclei involved in swallowing Motor nuclei in swallowing Interneuronal network does what
Nucleus tractus solitarius Trigeminal sensory nucleus Nucleus ambiguous Facial, trigeminal, hypoglossal nuclei Mediates interactions b/t sensory and motor
63
T/F stimulation of the cortex is required for smooth efficient swallowing
FALSE
64
T/F swallowing is the same before and after tooth eruption
FALSE
65
T/F jaw closer muscles do not have a prominent role in swallowing before eruption
TRUE
66
What happens if infantile swallowing is maintained after tooth eruption
Anterior overbite
67
T/F infants can swallow while breathing
FALSE
68
8 steps to define pain clinically
``` LIQORAAA Location Intensity Quality Onset Radiation Aggravating factors Alleviating factors Ass. Symptoms ```
69
Myalgia
Dull ache (soreness)
70
Myofascial pain
Pain aggravated by function or trigger
71
3 treatments for trigger points
Injection Dry needling Spray and stretch
72
Centrally mediated myalgia
Continuous, chronic pain
73
Myospasm
Involuntary contracture/cramping
74
Myositis
Inflammation over entire muscle
75
Myofibrotic contracture
Shortened muscle, pain upon stretching
76
Masticatory muscle neoplasia
Swelling with or w/o pain, limited movement
77
4 parts of TMJ
Temporal bone Mandible Fibrous capsule Lateral pterygoid
78
TMJ: Rotational movement _mm Translational movement _mm Lateral excursions _mm
20 40-50 7-10
79
Where does TMJ get nutrition and oxygenation
Synovium
80
_% of people get anterior disc displacement
12-45%
81
T/F ADD (anterior disc displacement) always becomes pathological
FALSE, only 5% of the time
82
Joint conditions like inflammation, developmental disorders, biomechanical disorders etc. can lead to _
Osteoarthritis
83
What bad things happen to the articular surface in a TMD
Softening Vascularization Fibrillation Bone exposure
84
Bad things that can happen to synovium in TMD
``` Hypertrophy Hyperemia Capillary dilation Microbleeding Granulation, fibrosis ```

Physiology (6 decks)

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