3,4,5

Question 1

4 main stimulus attributes

Answer 1

Modality/quality
Intensity
Location
Duration

Question 2

Transduction definition

Answer 2

Transformation of physical energy into neural signal

Question 3

Adequate stimulus

Answer 3

Type of energy that a given receptor type is most sensitive to

Question 4

Somatosensory and olfaction have stimulus contact _

Vision, audition, vestibular and taste have stimulus contact _ which then goes to _

Answer 4

Primary afferent neuron

Receptor cell
Afferent neuron

Question 5

TRP:

Answer 5

Transient receptor potential

Question 6

3 indirect g-protein coupled receptor systems

Answer 6

Olfaction
Vision
Taste

Question 7

3 ways to increase intensity

Answer 7

Increase stimulus intensity
Increase receptor potential
Increase # of action potentials

Question 8

Lateral inhibition improves _ _

Answer 8

Spatial localization

Question 9

Sensory maps are _

_ and _ affect them

Answer 9

Dynamic

Experience and neurological injury

Question 10

5 areas of trigeminal perception

Answer 10

Touch
Proprioception
Temperature
Pain
Chemesthesis

Question 11

How does the trigeminal influence flavor

Answer 11

Texture, temperature, chemesthesis

Question 12

Ophthalmic and maxillary branches are _ only but the mandibular is _ and _

Answer 12

Sensory only

Sensory and motor

Question 13

A-beta fibers detect:
A-delta fibers detect:
C fibers detect:

Answer 13

Touch, proprioceptive
Touch, temperature
Temperature

Question 14

SA I vs SA II receptors

RA I vs RA II receptors

Answer 14

SA I - merkel disc, pressure
SA II - ruffini ending, skin stretch

RA I - meissner corpuscle, spatial disc.
RA II - pacinian corpuscle, vibration

Question 15

3 mechanisms of mechanotransduction

Answer 15

1. ENaC
2. TRP
3. Piezo1 and Piezo2

Question 16

Cell bodies for trigem nerve are found where

Answer 16

Trigeminal/gasserian/semilunar ganglia

Question 17

Trigeminal nerve fibers enter the brain at what level

Answer 17

Pons

Question 18

Ascending trigeminal fibers end where? Descending?

Answer 18

Asc. - principal/main/chief/pontine nucleus

Desc. - spinal trigeminal nucleus

Question 19

3 subdivisions of spinal trigeminal nucleus, and functions of each

Answer 19

1. Nucleus oralis - light touch
2. Nucleus interpolaris - temp.
3. Nucleus caudalis - pain

Question 20

Chemesthesis:

Answer 20

Trigeminal fibers can be activated by chemical stimuli

Question 21

Transduction:

Answer 21

Deformation or stretch of the axon membrane that opens sodium channels

Question 22

Response of mechanoreceptors is influenced by what 3 things

Answer 22

Degree of myelination
Location of receptor
Structure of the ending

Question 23

Most common receptor ending in tongue

Answer 23

Coiled nerve endings

Question 24

What unique nerve ending is found in the PDL

Answer 24

Ruffini type (unencapsulated)

Question 25

The PDL is innervated by what two things

Answer 25

``` Trigeminal ganglion (superficial in ligament) Mesenchephalic nucleus (near apex) ```

Question 26

How many families of TRP's

Answer 26

8

Question 27

TRPs are made of how many transmembrane domains? Cation channel is between which domains

Answer 27

6 5/6

Question 28

Which receptors primarily transduct pain

Answer 28

TRP

Question 29

TRPV1 responds to what 3 things

Answer 29

Capsaicin Heat Protons

Question 30

Chemesthesis can produce what sensations

Answer 30

``` Painful/nonpainful Burning Tingling Astringency Pungency ```

Question 31

Which 4 branches of trigeminal nerve have prominent chemesthesis

Answer 31

Ethmoidal Posterior palatine Nasopalatine Lingual

Question 32

Both olfaction and chemesthesia can be activated in what two ways

Answer 32

Orthonasally | Retronasally

Question 33

Nasal chemesthesis is produced by what two receptors

Answer 33

TRP receptors | Taste receptors on specialized olfactory epithelium cells

Question 34

Single chemosensory cells are what

Answer 34

Cells that are activated by nasal irritants to initiate respiratory reflexes

Question 35

Chemesthesis is a _ threshold chemosensitivity

Answer 35

High

Question 36

Pulpal C fibers have a _ latency

Answer 36

Long

Question 37

Hyperalgesia:

Answer 37

Greater responsiveness to stimuli

Question 38

Prostaglandins do what do sensitivity

Answer 38

Change threshold of sensitivity, make more sensitive

Question 39

T/F prostaglandins directly depolarize neurons

Answer 39

FALSE, they change sensitivity

Question 40

Inflammation does what to threshold, and how

Answer 40

Lowers it Ca++ activated phosphorylation of VR1, increase in receptor number

Question 41

Substance P and CGRP sensitize how

Answer 41

Neurogenic inflammation

Question 42

Which 3 cells directly stimulate nociceptors

Answer 42

Histamine Bradykinin 5-HT

Question 43

What two things sensitize nociceptors

Answer 43

Protaglandins | Proton release

Question 44

What two main things happen when hyperalgesia occurs

Answer 44

Greater responsiveness to stimuli Pain is spontaneous and prolonged

Question 45

Causalgia: Allodynia: Sympathetic nerve dystrophy:

Answer 45

C: burning pain A: light touch leads to pain SND: temp induced pain

Question 46

Neuroma:

Answer 46

Unorganized mass of nerve tissue from regenerative capacity of nerves

Question 47

Schwann cells make what for regen. Axons, and secrete what that regulates gene expression and promotes sprouting

Answer 47

Laminin NGF

Question 48

Inflammatory cells release factors that do what 3 things

Answer 48

1. Algesics - stimulate nociceptor cells directly 2. Stimulate other cells to release algesics 3. Involved in process of sensitization

Question 49

What is ectopic discharge, and when does it occur?

Answer 49

When a neuron responds from stimulation of cell body (not receptor end) Happens after nerve damage

Question 50

Why is a neuroma painful? 2 reasons

Answer 50

Sprouting makes a nociceptor be stimulated from erroneous location Ephaptic connections b/t neurons in neuroma lower threshold