Fad Diets Flashcards
Alkaline Diet description
Proponents believe you can change body’s Ph with diet and it should be in the alkaline range to fight disease and maintain health
Alkaline diet association recommend 80% alkaline food and 20% acid forming foods
Alkaline diet allowed foods/ rules
Vegetables, low sugar fruits, legumes
Not having meals combining
- carb/ acid foods
- concentrated protein/ carbs
- two concentrated proteins
- proteins with fats and acids (no marinades)
Alkaline diet foods not allowed
beef, poultry, dairy, eggs, coffee, sugar, alcohol
No melons
no milk with any other foods
Alkaline diet claims
- alkaline diet improves digestions and absorptions and that acid destroys minerals leading to disease
- cancer thrives in acidic environment
- Cancer can result from improper food combos
Alkaline diet efficacy
No research to show efficacy or safety in humans
when kidney function is normal they will modulate pH.
RDNs should not recommend
Bill Henderson Protocol description
based on budwig diet
raw fruits and veg, gluten free whole grains, legumes and cottage cheese / flaxseed oil (1 cup CC blended with 6-8 tbsp FO) mixture are the foundation plus a lot of supplements
Bill Henderson Protocol proposed mechanism
Belief that cancer is caused by lack of O2 to cells, weakened immune system, excess acidity and secondary toxicity r/t alcohol, tobacco, and asbestos
increase in alkaline foods leads to increased body pH
Lignans from flax have antiproliferative, antioxidant, and anti-estrogenic (flaxseed oil does not contain this though)
Bill Henderson Protocol food excluded
meat, dairy (except cottage cheese), gluten, processed foods, sugar, and alcohol
Bill Henderson Nutrition Implications
predominantly vegan so may be lacking in B-12, protein, energy, iron, zinc, calcium and iodine
more than 2 tbsp flax oil can cause diarrhea and more than 4 tbsp can enhance effects of blood thinners
Bill Henderson Efficacy
No evidence it’s safe or effective
do not recommend
comments: flaxseed oil will go rancid if unrefrigerated and can be destroyed by light, heat, and O2.
Flaxseed provides 7 g of a-Linolenic acid per tbsp
Bill Henderson Protocol Supplements
Diet recommends over 46 pills in the daily plan. Supplements include antioxidants, barley grass, nutrient mixtires, and b-glucan
some micronutrient doses exceed the TUI level recommended by the FDA
Budwig Diet Description
Vegetarian diet promoting eating natural, unrefined foods and eating 8x/d. Alos encouraged enemas and breathing exercises.
Essaic tea is encouraged and you can have 1 glass of wine/ champagne
cornerstone is a blend of coldpressed flaxseed oil (45-50 g) with quark cheese (German CC) which is then used to make Budwig muesli. Eaten at breafast and lunch for up to 100 g/d of flaxseed oil.
Budwig Diet Allowed Foods
organic fruits and veg, juices, nuts, potatoes, certain cheeses (grass fed)
oleolux (garlic onion spread with coconut and flaxseed oil)
green tea and essaic tea
sauerkraut and and sauerkraut juice
nutritional yeast flakes
Budwig Diet excluded foods`
- ready made meals and processed foods
- Animal fats, trans fats, margarine
- peanuts
- Meat, poultry, fish, eggs processed meat (sausage/ spam)
- Sugar and refined foods (gran sugar, white flour, pastries)
- unfermented soyfoods (tofu)
- dairy products other than Quark
Budwig Diet Proposed Mechanism
Johanna Budwig proposed that:
1. Highly unsaturated fatty acids would kill cancer cells by promoting incomplete cell division and cell death
- a lack of dietary omega- 3s reduced cell oxygentation and cottage cheese would improve absorption and availability of flax oil
Budwig Diet Nutritional Risks
May be low in energy and protein increasing risk of cachexia
Vegetarian diet with limited dairy which increases risk of B12, D, iron, zinc, calcium, and iodine
Flaxseed in that amount can cause bloating, gas, diarrhea and constipation
> 4 tbsp of flaxseed oil may increase bleeding time and decrease platelet aggregation
Budwig Diet Efficacy
Not proven to be safe or effective
Discovery of LDL receptors in 1974 clarified the understanding of fatty acid metabolism and showed the science this is based on to be faulty
significant risk for nutritional definiciencies
Gerson Therapy Description
originally developed to self- treat headaches, this combo of diet and metabolic therapy was originally recommended by Max Gerson, MD for TB in the 1930s
Gerson IT describes it as a natural tx using organic, plant based diet with raw juices and natural supplements. Coffee Enemas are recommended.
organic vegetarian diet with no sodium or fat(except flaxseed oil)
Gerson Therapy Foods allowed
3 plant based meals daily. strict adherence to meal schedule and prep is required.
15-20 lbs of fruit and veg daily, up to 13 glasses of juice daily prepared from raw carrots, applles, and green leafy veg
Multiple dietary supps including B-12, potoassium, thyroid hormone and pancreatic enzymes
coffee and other enemas plus injections of flu/ staph aureus, drugs such as laetrile (illegal in US), injections from liver extract
Gerson Therapy Claims
detoxifies the body, returns potasisum to tissues and cells, reduce sodium in tissues and cells, and treat the liver to “restore the body’s ability to restore itself”
Gerson Therapy Foods excluded
Fat except flaxseed oil
animal protein sources
soybeans
Gerson Therapy Risks
High potassium and carbohydrate
Risk for deficient energy/ caloires, B12, D, iron, calcium, zinc and iodine
Risk for malnutrition, hyponatremia, coma (from low Na), dehydration, and colitis from frequent enemas
Has caused the death of 3 people r/t coffee enemas
Large amounts of fiber may be hard to digest. pts may develop mouth sores which can decrease intake
Gerson Therapy Efficacy
No evidence that it is effective
Not safe
Do not recommend
Gonzalez Regimen Description
Considered metabolic therapy. Individualized (10 basic diets with 95 variations)
dietary modifications, dietary supplements, extracts of animal organs (as a source of pancreatic enzymes), detox practices like coffee enemas
followers may take up to 150 pills/d
Developed by a dentist
Gonzalez Regimen Claims
believe that toxins from processed foods, pesticides, preservatives, and pollutants cause cancer
Gonzalez Regimen Nutrition Risks
Very individualized, RD should thoroughly assess, side effects vary
Coffee enemas can result in electrolyte imbalances and increase risk of colitis and infection
Gonzalez Regimen Efficacy
No evidence showing efficacy and potentially unsafe
Do not recommend
ACS recommends against metabolic therapies
Livingston Wheeler Therapy Description
deveoped in 19s, metabolic treatment
a mostly raw vegetarian diet with megadoses of vitamins and minerals and digestive enzymes
Also includes a bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine derived from pt’s own blood or urine, coffee and lemon juice enemas, antibiotics and supplements
Livingston- Wheeler Foods excluded
Poultry, eggs, meats, milk, sugar alcohol and caffeine processed foods, food additives fluoridated water
Livingston Wheeler Claims
Based on belief that the bacteria Progenitor cryptocides (not confirmed to exist) initiates cancer, which grows unless stopped by the immune system
described by proponents as “immune boosting” cancer prevention program
Livingston Wheeler Risks
May be deficient in protein, B12, D, iron, calcium, zinc and iodine
Megadoses of nutrients may pose health risks if over the TUI level
coffee enemas can lead to electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, malabsorption, and death
malaise, aching and fevers have been reported
Livingston Wheeler Efficacy
The progenitor cryptocides bacteria hasn’t been confirmed to even exist and certainly no link between it and cancer
No evidence of efficacy and potentially unsafe
Do not recommend, ACS advises against
Macrobiotic Diet Description
adaptation of traditional Japanese diet, several versions exist
organic, locally grown, primarily vegetables and whole foods are recommended
specific cooking methods and utensils are recommended, should not use microwave or electricity to cook.
Food is chewed until fluid (50 times)
Macrobiotic Diet Foods included
40-60% intake from organically grown whole grains
20-30% of intake from locally grown vegetables
5-10% of intake from beans and bean products
%% intake of soup prepared with miso, beans, and vegetables
nuts, seeds, fruits and fish on occasion
Macrobiotic Diet Foods excluded
Nightshade vegetable (potatoes, tomatoes, eggplant, peppers)
Dairy and eggs
Processed foods and refined sugars
Meats
diet was so restrictive that people died at first, they expanded it to allow a greater variety
Macrobiotic Diet Claims
Health is achieved via foods that promote a balance of yin and yang, thus balancing physical condition, mind, emotions and spirit
Macrobiotic Risks
May be deficient in energy, B-12, D, iron, zinc, calcium, iodine and possibly protein
not generally recommended can be tough to get enough protein and may result in significant weight loss
Macrobiotic Diet Efficacy
Not evaluated with any RCTs
no evidence of efficacy
Can be good b/c it’s low fat, high fiber, high complex carb, vegan diet but as far as cancer no proof of benefits
Raw Food Plan Description
Foods have not been processed in any way from their natural state, mostly fruit and veg.
proponents also eat seaweed, sprouts, seeds, beans, whole grains and nuts
Raw Food Plan Claims
Claims that unprocessed foods preserve enzymes in food and provide health benefits
Raw Food Plan Foods excluded
Meat, dairy foods, eggs
some plans advise limiting vegetables high in Vit K
Raw Food Plan Risks
Vegans are at risk for B12, D, iron, calcium, zinc and iodine deficiencies
Protein intake likely inadequate
Raw food vegetarian diets have been associated with low bone mass
Raw Food Plan efficacy
No research to support efficacy against cancer
difficult to follow and may reduce QOL
cooking can reduce levels of pesticides in foods, although organic foods have lower levels of pesticides
this diet carries the risk for multiple deficiencies
