Facts about Spine/Shoulder/Elbow Flashcards
What are 4 things the spine aids in?
Stability, absorb shock, flexibility, provides attachment for organs
How many vertebrae are there in total and what are they sectioned off into?
C1-C7 , T1-T12, L1-L5, S1-S5
25 if including the coccyx
What happens with lumbar lordosis when flexion/extension occurs?
Increase in the curvature of lordosis when there is flexion, and decrease of curvature with extension
Where does 50% of movement of the neck occur?
Between the atlas and axis
Part of the spine that has the least movement
Lumbar spine
Why is the cervical region prone to poor posture?
Heavy Head
Head is heavy and moves forward, forcing the extensor muscles to exert a greater force to maintain head in its position
What is another anatomical term for Atlas and Axis?
C1 and C2
What is the definition of a facet?
A smooth surface that receives another bone
What is a facet VS a fossa?
Facet: Smooth and not very deep surface
Fossa: cavity or pit that has greater depth
Name 3 characteristics in which you can tell the difference between the three sections of the vertebrae
- C - small vertebral body T - heart-shaped, larger than cervical L - Massive; kidney-shaped
- Vertebral Foramen: C - Triangular T - Circular L - Thin and tapered
- Spinous Process: C - short and forked T - short L - long
What is a fulcrum?
A stationary base in a lever that does not move.
How many true, false, and floating ribs are there?
T=7 False = 3 (8-12) Floating = 2 (11-12)
What part of the spine is the little bump that you can feel on your neck?
the C2
What two structures are found within the intervertebral disc?
Annulus fibrosus which surrounds the nucleus pulposus
What is a herniated disc and where is it most popular?
When the rubbery disc between vertebral bodies contains a nucleus pulposus that is pushing through a crack in the annulus fibrosus.
Most common between L4-L5, or L5-S1
Flexion VS Extension - easy tells
Flexion is decreasing the angle between parts (bending forwards), while extension is increasing (bending backwards)
What is important about facets on the spine?
Spinal joints that have cartilage that are slippery and allow for twisting and turning as well as provide flexibility and stability
What two bony landmarks make up the vertebral arch?
Pedicle, and lamina
Tubercle VS Tuberosity
Small, rounded prominence where connective tissue attaches. VS Larger prominence where muscle and connective tissue attach
What are the 3 main bony landmarks that make up the sternum?
Manubrium, Gladiolus, Xiphoid Process
What is the place that the ribs insert to on the sternum?
Costal Notches (1-7)
Break down simply what the term “costochondral” is referring to?
Costo - ribs Chondral - cartilage
Which joint in the neck is responsible for nearly half of all cervical rotation?
Rest is divided between segments C3-C7
Antlanto-axial joint
Contralateral
Opposite Side
Right muscle = rotation to the left
Ipsilateral
Same side
Right muscle = rotation to the right
List the Deep Back Muscles
9 Muscles in Total
Erector Spinae group (SLI), Deepest layer (RIMI), 2 extraneous (QS)
Spinalis, Longissimus, Iliocostalis, Rotatores, Intertransversarii, Multifidus, Interspinalis, Quadratus Lumborum, Semispinalis
DEEP Back Muscles - Erector Spinae
SLI
From Medial to Lateral
Spinalis, Longissimus, Iliocostalis
Erector Spinae Group
List the 4 Anterior Trunk Muscles
In order of Superficial to Deep
External Oblique, Rectus Abdominus, Internal Oblique, Transversus Abdominus
Difference between Atlanto-axial (medial) joint VS Atlanto-axial (lateral) joint
Medial - Dens of C1 and the Atlas articulating (more specific than lateral)
Lateral - C1 and C2 connecting
Define the thorax?
Area of body between the neck and abdomen. Contains vital organs.
What is the main role of the shoulder girdle, along with the glenohumeral joint?
To provide stability and mobility for muscles of GH joints
Easy to pop out of socket, so it is mostly for mobility
What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
Saddle joint
What type of synovial joint is the acromioclavicular joint?
Planar joint - gliding movements in all directions to assist SC and ST joints in providing mobility to the GH joint
On the clavicle, what is attaches at the costal tuberosity?
Costoclavicular ligament
How many degrees of upward rotation is required to accommodate flexion at the shoulder?
60 degrees
What bony structures have a ROM of 180 degrees?
The shoulder and elbow
What is the ROM for Circumduction?
200 degrees
What 4 major joints does the shoulder complex depend on for function?
Glenohumeral, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, scapulothoracic
Name the 3 elevator muscles - LURR
Levator Scapulae, Upper Trapezius, Rhomboid major, rhomboid minor
Name the 4 depressors - SPLL
Subclavius, Pectoralis Minor, Lower trapezius, latissimus dorsi
Name the protractor
Serratus Anterior
Name the 3 retractors - RLM
Rhomboids major and minor, lower trapezius, middle trapezius
Name the 2 upward rotators - US
Upper and Lower trapezius, serratus anterior
Name the 2 downward rotators - PR
Pectoralis minor, Rhomboid major
Name the 5 Muscles acting on the Clavicle
UPASS
Upper Trapezius, SCM, Anterior Deltoid, Pectoralis Major, Subclavius
In the anatomical position is the ulna (pinky) medial or lateral?
Medial
Why are women’s ulnar valgus greater than 15 degrees?
Carry their babies
What is little league elbow and where does it occur?
Painful inflammation of bony bump on inside of elbow (Medial Epicondylitis) caused by overuse
What is a trochoid joint?
An example of one is the Distal Radioulnar Joint
Joint between head of ulna and ulnar notch on the radius
Freely moveable joint (diarthrosis) that allows only rotary movement around a single axis.
The moving bone rotates within a ring that is formed from a second bone
What is ROM at the elbow?
Neutral is 0
Hyperextension is -5
Pro and Supination - 80-90
Flexion - around 120
What region of the spine are the longest and strongest vertebrae found in?
Lumbar Region
The vertebrae are in contact with each other by means of:
Articular processes (facets)
What is another name for ball-and-socket joint? (HINT: round)
Spheroid joint
Which of the elbow joint is involved in all motions of the elbow?
Humeroradial joint
In which movement does that clavicle have no ROM?
Anterior Rotation
A sprained acromioclavicular joint is a so-called sign of what?
A “key not” or “step deformity”
What structure is most distal on the upper extremity?
The head of the ulna
What is the subacromial bursa’s function?
To protect the acromion from rubbing on the humeral head
True or False: The glenoid cavity is shallow and weakly maintained
True
What is labrum (tissue)? What does is do?
Fibrocartilage and rubbery tissue attached to rim of shoulder socket to keep the ball of the joint in place
What is triceps brachii the prime mover of?
Extension at the elbow joint
