Anatomical Principles and Skull Flashcards
Difference between Ball and Socket Joint and Condyloid Joint
Condyloid - only allows for forward/backward and side-to-side movement. (Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction)
Ball and Socket Joint - allows for all movement and rotation. Mobility joint
Origin vs. insertion of muscles
Proximal end of muscle, usually stays still, not a lot of movement VS. Distal end of muscle that has the most movement
Proximal vs. Medial
Closest to the trunk of the body, near the origin
VS
Part of body closest to the midline of the body
What type of structural joint type are sutures of the skull?
Fibrous and synarthrosis (no movement)
Synovial Joints and their movements and examples (ones I don’t know)
Planar: gliding movement - carpal and tarsal bones
Condyloid: concave surface articulating with a convex surface flexion/extension abduction/adduction - radiocarpal joint
Ball and Socket: all kinds of movement - glenohumeral
Pivot joint: rounded surface rotating within a bony ring - proximal radioulnar joint
Different names for Sagittal Plane
Midsagittal and Median - down the center line of body
Parasagittal - Not directly down the middle line
Longitudinal Plane
2 names for Frontal Plane
Frontal and Coronal Plane
3 names for Transverse Plane
Transverse, horizontal, and axial Plane
Sagittal Plane and Frontal Axis Movement Examples
Lunges, walking, squatting, biceps curl
Movements in the frontal plane and sagittal axis
Jumping Jacks, Cartwheel, Lateral Raises, Shoulder Press
6 Functions of the Skeletal System
Support, Protection, Movement, Storage and Release of minerals, Hemopoiesis (production of blood cells by red bone marrow), Storage of triglycerides (yellow bone marrow)
Bone Cell Types
Osteogenic Cell: stem cell that develops into an osteoblast
Osteocyte: maintains bone tissue
Osteoblast: forms bone tissue
Osteoclast: functions in resorption, the destruction of bone matrix
Epiphysis vs Diaphysis
Wider section at each end of long bone, filled with spongy bone, round in shape. VS Shaft of long bone which runs between the epiphysis, cylindrical in shape
Hyaline Cartilage
Provides smooth surface for gliding action at joints
Fibrocartilage purpose
Resists strong forces of compression and tension
Mechanical Advantage
Efficiency of a lever to lift a load. Ratio between length of lever arm for the applied force to the lever arm of the resistance.
Kinetic Advantage
Ability of a lever system to create fast motion or a large range of motion quickly. Inverse of MA.
What is the functional grouping of elbow flexion? Groupings and their examples of muscles
Agonist - Biceps brachii
Antagonist - Triceps Brachii
Accessory (synergist) - brachialis, brachioradialis
Fixator (synergist) - Rhomboid
What are the rhomboids? And where are they located in reference to other muscles?
Stabilize the scapula where the bis and tris have attachments. Located on upper back deep to the trapezius muscle (helps with posture). Pull the shoulder blades together.
Endfeel: Bone to bone
Contact between two bones stops the movement. Sensation is hard stop. Ex. Coronoid process hitting the coronoid fossa of the humerus in elbow extension
Endfeel: Soft tissue approximation
Movement stopped by the contact of two muscular surfaces. Sensation: yielding compression Ex. calf of being compressed in the hamstring during knee flexion
Fulcrum meaning
Support about which a lever pivots
How many cranial bones (neurocranium) are there?
8 bones
How many facial bones (viscerocranium) are there?
14 bones
Name some functions of the skull
Cranial cavity holds and protects the brain. Attachment for protective membranes of the brain and blood vessels. Muscle attachments for face muscles and head/neck
What type or articulation or joint does that bone have when the right and left frontal bone unites to form a single bone?
Fibrous connective tissue - suture
What does our temporal bone do?
Protects our hearing. Helps with functions for face, head, and neck
What sense does the ethmoid bone help with?
Responsible for aiding in sense of smell -olfactory nerve
What does the lacrimal bone do?
Collect the extra fluid from our eyes - sometimes causing runny nosy
14 Facial Bones - “My Mandible Chews Nine Very Large Zucchini Pizza”
Maxilla, Mandible, Inferior Nasal Concha, Nasal bone, Vomer, Lacrimal, Zygomatic, Palatine
Bilateral VS Unilateral
Flexion/Extension of the head (looking up and down), both limbs are used in unison to contract the muscles
VS
Lateral Flexion and Rotation, each limb works independently from the movement
5 Sutures - CLOSS
Coronal Lambdoid Occipital Squamous Sagittal
What type of joint is the TMJ? And what are its movements?
The joint is an irregular synovial joint and the movements that are allowed are depression (opening), elevation (closing), protraction, retraction, lateral displacement
What is the only moveable joint of the skull called?
The mandible
What are foramina (singular is foramen) VS fossa?
Foramen are little empty spaces in a bone, while fossa is a smooth indent in which usually another bone articulates in
Which facial nerves help supply the muscles of the face with blood?
SISIO
Supraorbital foramen Notch
Infraorbital Foramen Notch
Superior Orbital Fissure
Inferior Orbital Fissure
Optic Canal
What hole allows the brain to transfer down into the spinal cord?
Foramen Magnum (BIG hole)
Hypoglossal Canal is important for what?
Blood supply of the brain
What is the purpose of the orbits?
To protect our eyeballs - VERY IMPORTANT
Learn bones that form the orbits!! (Picture is on phone)
Clue: Roof of Orbit - sphenoid, frontal
Lateral wall of orbit - zygomatic/frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic (2)
Medial Wall - sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal, nasal
Floor of orbit - palatine, maxillary, zygomatic
Roof: Lesser wing of sphenoid, Orbital plate of frontal bone
Lateral Wall: zygomatic process of frontal bone, Greater wing of sphenoid bone, Orbital surface of zygomatic bone, zygomatic bone
Medial Wall - sphenoid body, ethmoid bone, frontal process of maxilla, lacrimal bone, nasal bone
Floor - orbital process of palatine bone, orbital surface of maxillary bone
Hyoid bone and where it attaches
This bone is technically “floating” but attaches through the muscles on your throat, and it moves when you swallow
Muscles of Facial Expression (Picture on phone)
Tips: Frontalis - frontal
Corregator supercillii - near eyebrows (funny eye wiggles)
Temporalis - temporal
Zygomatic minor - cheek bone
Risorus - pulling lips sideways
Masseter - outer jaw
Depressor Anguli oris - pulls edges of mouth down
Depressor labii inferioris - pulls middle of mouth down
Mentalis - underneath lip muscles
Orbicularis - over top of lip (main smooch muscle)
Zygomatic major - smiling
Levator angulae oris - underneath zygomatic minor
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi - forms outer nose
Nasalis - surrounds nasal bone
Orbicularis oculi - eye
What is the masseter and where is it?
Big muscle at the corner of your jaw that attaches to your jaw and is underneath zygomatic arch, covers entire temporal bone.
Are saddle joints biaxial or uniaxial joints?
Biaxial - flexion/extension, adduction/abduction
Where would the thumb move to if it was abducted?
It moves straight outwards
What is the most common type of cartilage in your body, and is found on ends of bones and lines joints?
Hyaline cartilage
What is the connective tissue sheath the envelopes each muscle called?
Epimysium
Which is the most common type of lever found in the body and why?
Inter-motor (3rd) class because effort is greater than the load and it provides good range of movement at speed.
What is aponeurosis?
A thin sheath of connective tissue that helps connect your muscles to your bones
What is fascia?
Connective tissue surrounding muscles, blood vessels, and nerves. It binds structures together or allows them to slide smoothly over each other.
Where is the linea alba?
Thin band of connective tissue that runs down the front of your abdomen
Number of bones found in the axial skeleton… appendicular skeleton
Axial - 80
Appendicular - 126
TOTAL=206
