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BDS3 ORTHODONTICS > Facial Growth II > Flashcards

Facial Growth II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the sites of facial growth?

A
  • sutures
  • synchondroses
  • surface deposition
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2
Q

What are sutures?

A

Specialised fibrous joints situated between intramembranous bone
- band of connective tissue

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3
Q

what cells are found within the connective tissue in sutures?

A

osteogenic cells

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4
Q

What are synchondroses?

A

A cartilage found in the midline between the ethmoid, sphenoid and occipital bones
- new cartilage is formed in the centre of a synchondrosis as cartilage, the periphery is transformed into bone

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5
Q

What type of ossification does the base of the skull form by?

A

Endochondral ossification

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6
Q

What do the bones of the vault form by?

A

Intramembranous ossification

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7
Q

What is the change in position of a bone due to remodelling known as?

A

“drift”
cortical drift

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8
Q

For how many years does the cranial vault expand for?

A

Expands in response to the growing brain until age 7

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9
Q

When is rate of growth greatest in the cranial vault?

A

first 3 years of life

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10
Q

How does growth in the cranial vault occur?

A
  • bone growth at the sutures
  • external and internal surfaces are remodelled through surface deposition and resorption to displace the bone radially
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11
Q

After neural growth ceases, why does the forehead continue to enlarge?

A

In response to accommodate expanding air sinuses

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12
Q

How many fontanelles are present at birth?

A

6

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13
Q

When does the sphenoid-ethmoidal synchondrosis fuse? (roughly)

A

around 7 years

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14
Q

When does the sphenoid-occipital synchondrosis close? (roughly)

A

13-15 years in females
15-17 years in males

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15
Q

When does the sphenoid-occipital synchondrosis fuse? (roughly

A

20 years old

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16
Q

What does the shape or angle of the cranial base affect?

A

The jaw relationship

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17
Q

Why is there forward displacement of the maxillary complex?

A

To create space posteriorly for development of the maxillary tuberosities and space for eruption of molar teeth

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18
Q

In what direction does the mandible grow?

A

Downwards and forwards

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19
Q

Where does growth occur in the mandible?

A

At the condylar cartilage & occurs by surface remodelling (resorption and deposition of bone)

20
Q

Resorption during growth of the mandible mainly occurrs where?

A

Anteriorly and lingually

21
Q

Deposition during growth of the mandible mainly occurrs where?

A

posteriorly and laterally

22
Q

By how much does the mandible increase in length between ages 4-20?

A

Males = 26mm (approx)
Females = 20mm (approx)

23
Q

By how much does the maxilla increase in length between ages 4-20?

A

Males = 8 mm
Females = 5.5mm

24
Q

When does growth of the mandible increase significantly?

A

During pubertal growth spurt

25
Q

When does growth slow of the mandible?

A

Females = 17 years old
Males = 19 years old

26
Q

When does growth of the maxilla slow?

A

Around 12 years old

27
Q

What type of growth (of the maxilla and mandible) slows first?

A

Width slows first —> then length —> then height

28
Q

When is treatment the utilises the growth of the mandible best carried out?

A

During pubertal growth spirt

29
Q

When is treatment the utilises the growth of the maxilla best carried out?

A

before the circumaxillary sutures and palate have fused (early teenage years)

30
Q

Can we predict facial growth?

A

Not really

31
Q

What controls growth?

A

Combination of genetic and environmental influences

32
Q

What impact does facial growth have on orthodontic treatment?

A

Can affect the severity of a malocclusion (improving or making worse)

33
Q

Why do growth rotations occur?

A

Due to an imbalance in the growth of the anterior and posterior face heights

34
Q

What does forward rotation lead to?

A

Short face

35
Q

What does backwards rotation lead to?

A

long face

36
Q

How does adult facial growth present?

A
  • continues slowly though life
  • tendency to see increased overall length & prominence of nose & chin
  • lips become thinner & more retrusive
37
Q

What are examples of measurements that can note facial growth changes?

A
  • casts of face
  • cephalometry
  • 3D laser scanning
  • 3D photogrammetry
38
Q

What are the indications for taking a lateral cephalogram?

A
  • to aid diagnosis (skeletal class or vertical discrepancy etc)
  • treatment planning
  • progress monitoring
39
Q

What are lateral cephalograms? why are they good?

A

Standardised lateral radiographs of the face & base of skull
- reproducible

40
Q

What analysis is involved when looking at lateral cephs?

A
  • relationship between jaws & cranial base
  • relationship between upper & lower jaw
  • position of teeth relative to the jaws
  • soft tissue profile
41
Q

What are some reference landmarks on a lateral cephalogram?

A
  • sella
  • nasion
  • anterior nasal spine
  • posterior nasal spout
  • pogonion
  • menton
  • gonion
  • porion
42
Q

What reference lines are relevant in lateral cephalograms?

A
  • Sella-nasion
  • Frankfort plane
  • Maxillary plane
  • Occlusal line
  • Mandibular plane
43
Q

What measures the anterior-posterior position of the maxilla and mandible relative to the base of the skull?

A

Eastman analysis

44
Q

What does the eastman analysis measure?

A
  • antero-posterior position of the maxilla and mandible relative to the base of skull
  • position of mandible relative to maxilla
  • angulation of teeth to maxilla and mandible
  • vertical facial proportions
45
Q

What errors can be present in cephalometry?

A
  • radiographic projection errors
  • error is within the measuring system
  • errors in landmark identification
46
Q

What can the SNA and SNB angle tell us?

A

measures the antero-posterior positon of the maxilla and mandible relative to the base of skull

47
Q

What can the ANB or the MMPA / FMPA tell us?

A

Position of mandible relative to maxilla

BDS3 ORTHODONTICS (8 decks)

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