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BDS3 ORTHODONTICS > Facial Growth 1 > Flashcards

Facial Growth 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is facial growth important?

A

the size,shape and position of the underlying jaws determines the position of the teeth and therefore the malocclusion

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2
Q

why is the study of facial growth important to orthodontics?

A
  • insight into the growth of the face
  • understand development of facial anomalies
  • to measure changes in growth and treatment using cephalometry
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3
Q

what are the two in utero phases?

A
  1. Embryonic = 1-8 weeks
  2. Foetal = 8 weeks to term
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4
Q

What is neural crest cell migration very important in?

A

the development of the face

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5
Q

what is the neural tube?

A

The fusion of the neural folds that develops into the brain & spinal cord

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6
Q

what is the failure to fuse of the neural folds known as?

A

spina bifida

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7
Q

what is anencephaly?

A

failure to develop of the brain & spinal cord

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8
Q

what cells develop from the ectoderm during the folding of the neural plate?

A

neural crest cells

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9
Q

where does the ectomesenchyme derive from?

A

the neural crest

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10
Q

what is derived from the ectomesenchyme?

A
  • bone & connective tissue
  • pulp
  • dentine
  • cementum
  • PDL
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11
Q

what is the function of neural crest cells?

A

They undergo extensive migration within the developing embryo & differentiates into many cell types
- shwann cells
- autonomic ganglia
- adrenal medulla
- meninges of brain

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12
Q

when does formation of the face occur?

A

during the first eight weeks after fertilisation

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13
Q

what can lead to malformations to the development of the face?

A

environmental factors

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14
Q

what are defects of the midline of the face closely related to ?

A

defects of the anterior parts of the brain

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15
Q

What is most of the face formed from?

A

migrating neural crest cells

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16
Q

What occurs if there is failure of fusion between the palatine processes during development?

A

Cleft formation

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17
Q

when are the branchial arches formed?

A

week 4
- migrating neural crest cells form the lateral branchial arches

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18
Q

what can be seen during facial development at weeks 5-7?

A

the extension and fusion of facial processes

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19
Q

what can the skull be divided into?

A
  • neurocranium (protective case around brain)
  • viscerocranium (forms skeleton of face)
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20
Q

how is the base of the skull formed?

A

From a series of cartilages
- they undergo endochondral ossification

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21
Q

why is fusion of the skull incomplete at birth?

A

Leaves fontanelles to allow flexibility in the skull during birth

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22
Q

what are the three main sites of secondary cartilage formation in the mandible?

A
  • condylar cartilage
  • coronoid cartilage
  • symphyseal
23
Q

How does the mandible form?

A

Intramembranous ossification ** (Exam question)

24
Q

The mandible and maxilla form via which method of bone formation?

A

Intramembranously but are preceded by a cartilaginous facial skeleton
- despite developing adjacent to cartilaginous skeletons

25
Q

What cartilaginous skeletons do the mandible & maxilla form adjacent to?

A
  • Meckel’s cartilage
  • nasal capsule
26
Q

When does the symphysis fuse?

A

A few months after birth

27
Q

When does ossification of the face & skull commence?

A

7-8 weeks (approx.)

28
Q

What is the vault of the skull formed by?

A

Intramembranous ossification

29
Q

What is the base of the skull formed by?

A

endochondral ossification

30
Q

what is a primary abnormality?

A

defect in the structure of an organ or part of an organ that can be traced back to an anomaly in its development

31
Q

what are examples of primary abnormalities?

A
  • spina bifida
  • cleft lip
  • CHD
32
Q

what is a secondary abnormality?

A

interruption of the normal development of an organ that can be traced back to other influences

33
Q

What can cause a secondary abnormality?

A
  • teratogenic agents
  • trauma
34
Q

What is the definition of a deformation?

A

anomalies that occur due to outer mechanical effects on existing structures

35
Q

What is the definition of agensia?

A

absence of an organ due to failed development during embryonic period

36
Q

What is the definition of sequence?

A

single factor results in numerous secondary effects
- Pierre Robin = small mandible. causes other problems ** google

37
Q

what are examples of facial syndromes causing hypoplasia of the maxilla?

A
  • Apert’s Syndrome
  • Crouzon’s Syndrome
  • Oral-Facial Digital Syndrome
  • Cleft lip/palate
38
Q

what are examples of facial syndromes causing mandibular problems?

A
  • Treacher Collin’s Syndrome
  • Pierre-Robin
  • Stickler’s Syndrome
  • Van der Woude SYndrome
39
Q

what environmental facial syndrome is caused by early development problems?

A

Foetal Alcohol Syndrome

40
Q

What is caused by Foetal Alcohol syndrome?

A

A high maternal intake of alcohol

41
Q

what is the presentation of foetal alcohol syndrome?

A
  • microcephaly (small head)
  • short palpebral fissues
  • short nose
  • deficient philtrum
  • small midface
  • small mandible
  • mild mental retardation
42
Q

what is hemi facial microsomia?

A

3D progressive facial asymmetry caused by impaired neural crest cell migration

43
Q

how does hemifacial microsomia present?

A
  • unilateral mandibular hypoplasia
  • zygomatic arch hypoplasia
  • high arched palate
  • malformed pinna
44
Q

what is Treacher Collins caused by?

A

Deformity of 1st & 2nd branchial arches (day 19-28)

45
Q

How does Treacher Collins syndrome present?

A
  • colomboma of lower lid outer 1/3rd
  • hypoplastic or missing zygomatic arches
  • hypoplastic mandible with antigonial notch
46
Q

who is cleft lip more common in?

A

males > females (3:1)

47
Q

who is cleft palate more common in?

A

females > males (3:2)

48
Q

what are the genetic aetiological causes of cleft lip/palate?

A
  • monozygotic twins
  • syndromes
  • familial pattern
  • sex ratio
49
Q

what are the dental features of cleft lip/palate?

A
  • impacted teeth
  • crowding
  • hypodontia
  • supernumeraries
  • caries
50
Q

what is Achondroplasia?

A

Problem with endochondrial ossification
- defects in long bones causing short limbs

51
Q

what is Crouzon’s syndrome ?

A

Premature closure of cranial sutures

52
Q

How does Crouzon’s syndrome present?

A
  • proptosis
  • retusion and vertical shortening of midface
  • prominent nose
  • class III occlusion
  • narrow spaced teeth
53
Q

What is Apert’s syndrome?

A

Premature closure of almost all cranial sutures (acrosyndactyly)

54
Q

how does Apert’s syndrome present?

A
  • exopthalmos
  • maxillary hypoplasia
  • class III occlusion
  • narrow spaced teeth
  • parrots beak nose
  • syndactyly of fingers & toes

BDS3 ORTHODONTICS (8 decks)

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