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Block 3 Anantomy (Head and Neck) > Face and Scalp > Flashcards

Face and Scalp Flashcards

1
Q

The scalp consists of five layers, with the first three layers intimately bound together. What are they.

A

• A mnemonic device uses the first letter of each of the five layers, forming the word SCALP.

  • Skin – thick, with hair and sebaceous glands.
  • Connective tissue – fibrous, fatty connective tissue with septa that connect the skin to the aponeurosis.
  • Aponeurosis – (epicranial), a thin, tendinous sheet that connects the bellies of the occipitofrontalis.
  • Loose areolar connective tissue – located in the subaponeurotic space.
  • Pericranium – the periosteum covering the outer surface of the skull bones.
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2
Q

Muscles of the Scalp

• The _______ has two bellies.

A

occipitofrontalis

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3
Q

Muscles of the Scalp

The _______ belly originates from the nuchal line of the occipital bone and inserts into the epicranial aponeurosis.

A

occipital

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4
Q

Muscles of the Scalp
The ______ belly originates from the skin and superficial fascia of the eyebrow area and inserts into the epicranial aponeurosis.

A

frontal

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5
Q

Muscles of the Scalp

The action of the ______ is to move the scalp on the skull and raise the eyebrows. It is innervated by the facial nerve.

A

occipitofrontalis

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6
Q

Sensory Nerve Supply of the Scalp

The sensory nerves are located in the _________.

A

superficial fascia

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7
Q

Sensory Nerve Supply of the Scalp

What are the nerves of the scalp?

A
  1. Supratrochlear nerve
  2. Zygomaticotemporal nerve
  3. Auriculotemporal nerve
  4. Lesser occipital nerve
  5. Greater occipital nerve
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8
Q

Sensory Nerve Supply of the Scalp

The _______ nerve is a branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve.

A

supratrochlear

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9
Q

Sensory Nerve Supply of the Scalp

______ nerve is a branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve.

A

Supraorbital

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10
Q

Sensory Nerve Supply of the Scalp

________ nerve is a branch of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve.

A

Zygomaticotemporal

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11
Q

Sensory Nerve Supply of the Scalp

________ nerve is a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.

A

Auriculotemporal

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12
Q

Sensory Nerve Supply of the Scalp

___________ nerve is a branch of the cervical plexus (C2)

A

Lesser occipital

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13
Q

Sensory Nerve Supply of the Scalp

___________ nerve is a branch of the dorsal ramus of C2.

A

Greater occipital

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14
Q

Arterial Supply of the Scalp
The scalp has an extensive blood supply, and for this reason any cut to the scalp bleeds profusely. What are the arteries?

A
  1. Supratrochlear artery
  2. Supraorbital artery
  3. Superficial temporal artery
  4. Posterior auricular artery
  5. Occipital artery
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15
Q

Arterial Supply of the Scalp

_____ and ______ arteries are branches of the ophthalmic artery and they ascend over the forehead.

A

Supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries

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16
Q

Arterial Supply of the Scalp

_________ is a terminal branch of the external carotid artery. It ascends IN FRONT of the ear.

A

Superficial temporal artery

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17
Q

Arterial Supply of the Scalp

________ is a branch of the external carotid artery; ascends BEHIND the ear.

A

Posterior auricular artery

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18
Q

Arterial Supply of the Scalp

_____ is a branch of the external carotid artery; supplies the skin over the back of the skull.

A

Occipital artery

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19
Q

Venous Drainage of the Scalp

The ____and ______ veins unite at the medial margin of the orbit to form the facial vein.

A

supratrochlear and supraorbital veins

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20
Q

Venous Drainage of the Scalp

The ________ unites with the maxillary vein to form the retromandibular vein.

A

superficial temporal vein

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21
Q

Venous Drainage of the Scalp

The _______ unites with the posterior division of the retromandibular vein to form the external jugular vein.

A

posterior auricular vein

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22
Q

Venous Drainage of the Scalp
The ______ drains into the suboccipital venous plexus, which in turn drains into the vertebral veins or the internal jugular vein.

A

occipital vein

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23
Q

Venous Drainage of the Scalp
The veins of the scalp freely anastomose with each other and are connected to the _______ veins of the skull bones and the intracranial venous sinuses via _____ veins.

A

diploic

emissary

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24
Q

Lymph Drainage of the Scalp

Lymph vessels in the anterior part of the scalp and forehead drain into the ______ lymph nodes.

A

submandibular

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25
Q

Lymph Drainage of the Scalp

Drainage from the lateral part of the scalp above the ear is into the ________ nodes.

A

superficial parotid (preauricular)

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26
Q

Lymph Drainage of the Scalp

Lymph vessels in the part of the scalp above and behind the ear drain into the ______ nodes.

A

mastoid nodes

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27
Q

Lymph Drainage of the Scalp

Vessels in the back of the scalp drain into the _____ nodes.

A

occipital nodes

28
Q

Clinical Correlate: Scalp Lacerations

  • The scalp has an abundant blood supply to nourish the hair follicles.
  • Even a small laceration of the scalp can cause severe blood loss.
  • Bleeding of the scalp is often hard to stop because the arterial walls are attached to ________ in the subcutaneous tissue.
  • The attachment to the ______ makes the walls unable to contract or retract and this prevents ____ from taking place.
  • Local pressure applied to the laceration is the only effective way to stop the bleeding.
A

Clinical Correlate: Scalp Lacerations

  • The scalp has an abundant blood supply to nourish the hair follicles.
  • Even a small laceration of the scalp can cause severe blood loss.
  • Bleeding of the scalp is often hard to stop because the arterial walls are attached to fibrous septa in the subcutaneous tissue.
  • The attachment to the fibrous septa makes the walls unable to contract or retract and this prevents blood clotting from taking place.
  • Local pressure applied to the laceration is the only effective way to stop the bleeding.
29
Q

Clinical Correlate: Scalp Lacerations

  • The tension of the epicranial aponeurosis, which is produced by the tone of the _______, is an important factor in deep wounds of the scalp.
  • If the aponeurosis has been divided, the wound will gape open.
  • For healing to take place, the cut in the aponeurosis must be sutured.
A

occipitofrontalis muscle

30
Q

The Face: Skin
• The skin of the face possesses many sweat and sebaceous glands.

• It is connected to the underlying bones by _____ connective tissue; the muscles of facial expression are embedded in this connective tissue.

A

loose connective tissue

Note: It is in loose connective tissue where muscles of facial expression are embedded.

31
Q

The Face: Skin

• There is no ____ fascia in the face.

A

deep

32
Q

The Face: Skin
• Wrinkles of the face result due to repeated folding of the skin ______ to the long axis of the underlying muscles.

  • Aging skin loses its elasticity, which also contributes to wrinkle formation.
  • Surgical scars of the face are less conspicuous if they follow the wrinkle lines.
A

perpendicular

33
Q

The Face: Sensory Nerves
• The skin of the face is supplied by branches of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve, except for a small area over the angle of the ______ and the ____ gland, which is supplied by the great auricular nerve (C2 and 3).

A

mandible and the parotid gland

34
Q

The Face: Sensory Nerves
• The branches of the trigeminal nerve also supply sensory innervation to the mouth, teeth, nasal cavities, and paranasal air sinuses.

• The divisions of the trigeminal nerve are: ______, _________, _________.

A

Ophthalmic, Maxillary, Mandibular.

35
Q

Ophthalmic Division
• The ophthalmic division supplies the skin of the forehead, the upper eyelid, the conjunctiva, and the side of the nose down to and including the tip.

There are five branches. What are they?

A
  1. Lacrimal nerve
  2. Supraorbital nerve
  3. Supratrochlear nerve
  4. Infratrochlear nerve
  5. External nasal nerve
36
Q

Maxillary Division

  • The maxillary division supplies the skin on the posterior part of the side of the nose, the lower eyelid, the cheek, the upper lip, and the lateral side of the orbital opening.
  • There are three cutaneous branches and they are: _______, _________, and ________.
A
  1. Infraorbital nerve
  2. Zygomaticofacial nerve
  3. Zygomaticotemporal nerve
37
Q

Mandibular Division
• The mandibular nerve supplies the skin of the lower lip, the lower part of the face, the temporal region, and part of the ear.

• There are three cutaneous branches: _______, ________, and ________

A
  1. Mental nerve
  2. Buccal nerve
  3. Auriculotemporal nerve
38
Q

Arterial Supply of the Face

• The face receives its arterial supply from two sources: the ____ and ______ arteries.

A

facial and superficial temporal arteries

39
Q

Arterial Supply of the Face
The blood supply is supplemented by small arteries that accompany the sensory nerves of the face.

  • The facial artery courses upward and over the ________ gland.
  • It curves around the inferior border of the mandible at the anterior border of the masseter muscle.
A

submandibular salivary gland

40
Q

Arterial Supply of the Face
• The pulse of the facial artery can be felt where it crosses the mandible.

  • The facial artery is covered by the _______ and ______ muscles and takes a torturous course from the angle of the mouth to the medial angle of the eye.
  • At the medial angle of the eye, the facial artery anastomoses with branches of the _______ artery.
A

platysma and risorious muscles

ophthalmic

41
Q

Arterial Supply of the Face

• The branches of the facial artery are:

A
  1. Submental artery
  2. Inferior labial artery
  3. Superior labial artery
  4. Lateral nasal artery
  5. Superficial temporal artery
  6. Transverse facial artery (a branch of the superficial artery)
  7. The supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries, branches of the ophthalmic artery, supply the skin of the forehead.
42
Q

Venous Drainage of the Face

• The facial vein is formed at the medial angle of the eye by the union of the _____and ________veins.

A

supraorbital and supratrochlear veins

43
Q

Venous Drainage of the Face

• The facial vein is connected to the superior ophthalmic vein directly through the _______vein.

A

supraorbital vein

44
Q

Venous Drainage of the Face
• The facial vein is connected to the ____ sinus by way of the superior ophthalmic vein; this connection is very important clinically because it provides a path for infection to spread from the face to the cavernous sinus.

A

cavernous sinus

45
Q

Venous Drainage of the Face
• The facial vein descends behind the facial artery to the lower margin of the mandible.

• It crosses superficial to the _______ gland and is joined by the anterior division of the ______ vein.

A

submandibular salivary gland

retromandibular vein

46
Q

Venous Drainage of the Face

• The facial vein drains into the _______.

A

internal jugular vein

47
Q

Venous Drainage of the Face
• The facial vein receives tributaries that correspond to the branches of the facial artery.

  • It is also joined to the ________ plexus by the deep facial vein and to the cavernous sinus by the ______vein.
  • The transverse facial vein joins the superficial temporal vein in the ______ gland.
A

pterygoid venous plexus

superior ophthalmic vein

parotid gland

48
Q

Lymph Drainage of the Face

• Lymph from the forehead and the anterior part of the face drains into the 1. __________ nodes. There may be a few 2._____ lymph nodes along the course of these lymph vessels.

A
  1. submandibular lymph nodes

2. buccal lymph nodes

49
Q

Lymph Drainage of the Face

  • The lateral part of the face, including the lateral parts of the eyelids, is drained by lymph vessels that terminate in the 1._____ lymph nodes.
  • The central part of the lower lip and the skin of the chin drain into the 2.______ lymph nodes.
A

parotid lymph nodes

submental lymph nodes

50
Q

Muscles of Facial Expression

  • The muscles of the face are embedded in the ______ fascia.
  • Most of the muscles originate from the bones of the skull and insert into the skin.
A

superficial fascia

51
Q

Muscles of Facial Expression

• The facial orifices, the orbit, nose, mouth, are surrounded by _______ or _______.

A

sphincters or dilators.

52
Q

Muscles of Facial Expression

  • Facial muscles also modify facial expression.
  • All facial muscles are innervated by the _____ nerve.
A

facial nerve

53
Q

Muscles of Facial Expression

• The sphincter muscle of the eyelid is the orbicularis oculi and the dilator muscles are the ________ and _______.

A

levator palpebrae superioris and occipitofrontalis

54
Q

Muscles of Facial Expression

• The sphincter muscle of the nose is the ________- and the dilator is the ________.

A

compressor naris

dilator naris

55
Q

Muscles of Facial Expression

• The sphincter muscle of the mouth is the ________; the dilator muscles consist of a series of small muscles that radiate out from the lips.

A

orbicularis oris

56
Q

Muscles of the Lips and Cheeks

  • The dilator muscles of the lips radiate out from the lips.
  • Their action is to separate the lips.
  • The muscles arise from bones and fascia around the mouth and converge as they insert into the lips.
  • The list of the muscles is:

• These muscles are innervated by the buccal and mandibular branches of the facial nerve.

A

• The list of the muscles is:

  1. Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
  2. Levator labii superioris
  3. Zygomaticus major and minor
  4. Zygomaticus minor
  5. Levator anguli oris
  6. Risorious
  7. Depressor anguli oris
  8. Depressor labii inferioris
  9. Mentalis

• These muscles are innervated by the buccal and mandibular branches of the facial nerve.

57
Q

Muscle of the Cheek: Buccinator

• The buccinator originates from the outer surface of the alveolar margins of the mandible and maxilla, opposite the molars; it also originates from the _________ ligament.

A

pterygomandibular ligament

58
Q

Muscle of the Cheek: Buccinator

• The buccinator is pierced by the _____ duct.

A

parotid duct

59
Q

Muscle of the Cheek: Buccinator

• At the angle of the mouth, the muscle fibers decussate, or cross, and then blend with and forms part of, the ________.

A

orbicularis oris

60
Q

Muscle of the Cheek: Buccinator

  • The buccinator is innervated by the buccal branch of the facial nerve.
  • Its action is to ________ the cheeks and lips against the teeth.
A

compress

61
Q

Facial Nerve

• The facial nerve runs forward in the substance of the parotid gland, where it divides into its five terminal branches. What are they?

*Remember the nmeonic: To Zanzibar By Motor Car

A
  1. Temporal branch
  2. Zygomatic branch
  3. Mandibular branch
  4. Cervical branch
62
Q

Facial Nerve

The ________ supplies the anterior and superior auricular muscles, frontal belly of occipitofrontalis, orbiularis oculi, and corrugator supercilii.

A

temporal branch

63
Q

Facial Nerve

The ________ supplies orbicularis oculi.

A

Zygomatic branch

64
Q

Facial Nerve

The ________ supplies buccinator, muscles of the upper lip and nostril. .

A

Buccal branch

65
Q

Facial Nerve

The ________ supplies muscles of the lower lip.

A

Mandibular branch

66
Q

Facial Nerve

The ________ supplies platysma.

A

Cervical branch

Block 3 Anantomy (Head and Neck) (6 decks)

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