Blood Vessels, Nerves, and Viscera of the Neck

Question 1

Common Carotid Artery

Right common carotid artery originates from ____ (artery), posterior to right sternoclavicular joint

Answer 1

brachiocephalic trunk

Question 2

Common Carotid Artery

Left common carotid artery originates from _______ in superior mediastinum.

Answer 2

aortic arch

Question 3

Common Carotid Artery

Common carotid artery ascends in neck within carotid sheath to upper border of ______, where it divides into _______.

Answer 3

thyroid cartilage

external and internal carotid arteries

Question 4

Common Carotid Artery
Within carotid sheath, _______ vein lies lateral to common carotid artery, and vagus nerve lies between common carotid artery and ________, posteriorly

Answer 4

internal jugular vein

Question 5

The _____ is the terminal part of common carotid artery and/or beginning of internal carotid artery shows a localized dilatation. The carotid sinus’s wall contains numerous nerve endings, mainly derived from _______ nerve, which are sensitive to changes in blood ________.

Answer 5

carotid sinus

glossopharyngeal

pressure (baroreceptors/pressoreceptors)

Question 6

The ________ is a highly vascular epithelial structure located at carotid bifurcation. It contains special nerve endings, mainly derived from _____ nerve, which respond to chemical changes in blood _______.

Answer 6

carotid body

glossopharyngeal

composition (oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, blood pH), chemoreceptors

Question 7

_______ are important in reflex control of heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate and depth

Answer 7

Carotid sinus and body

Question 8

The _____ artery begins at upper border of thyroid cartilage. It ascends in the carotid triangle. The ______ leaves the carotid triangle as it passes deep (medial) to the posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid. It terminates within substance of parotid gland, posterior to neck of mandible, dividing into superficial temporal and maxillary arteries

Answer 8

external carotid

Question 9

The branches of the external carotid artery:

Answer 9

– Anterior branches: superior thyroid, lingual, and facial arteries
– Posterior branches: occipital and posterior auricular arteries
– Medial branch: ascending pharyngeal artery
– Terminal branches: superficial temporal and maxillary arteries

Question 10

The _______ originates from initial part of external carotid artery. It descends almost vertically to reach upper pole of lobe of thyroid gland and contributes to its blood supply. It gives off from the ________.

Answer 10

superior thyroid artery

superior laryngeal artery (pierces thyrohyoid membrane with internal laryngeal nerve).

Question 11

The _________ originates from external carotid artery opposite tip of greater horn of hyoid. Its initial segment is crossed superficially (laterally) by _________ nerve. It passes deep to hyoglossus muscle and gives off branches that supply the tongue.

Answer 11

lingual artery

hypoglossal

Question 12

The _____ originates immediately above the lingual artery (sometimes by a common trunk with it). It ascends medial (deep) to posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid muscles, arches over these two muscles and submandibular gland, curves around inferior border of mandible (anterior to masseter) to enter face. Before it enters face, it gives off branches that contribute to supply pharynx, soft palate, palatine tonsil, submandibular gland, and neighboring muscles.

Answer 12

facial artery

Question 13

The _____ originates from posterior aspect of external carotid artery, close to inferior border of posterior belly of the digastric. It asses posteriorly and superiorly, deep (medial) to posterior belly of digastric and mastoid process, reaches the back of the scalp, its terminal branches accompany branches of greater occipital nerve and supply posterior part of scalp. Along its course, it gives off branches that supply auricle, middle ear, mastoid air cells, cranial dura mater, and neighboring muscles.

Answer 13

Occipital Artery

Question 14

The _______ arises from posterior aspect of the external carotid artery at the upper border of the posterior belly of the digastric.

Answer 14

Posterior Auricular Artery

Question 15

The posterior auricular artery passes posteriorly and superiorly to reach the notch between the cartilage of ________ and the ______ .

Answer 15

external acoustic meatus and the mastoid process

Question 16

What does the posterior auricular artery supply?

Answer 16

It supplies the auricle, middle ear, scalp above and behind ear, parotid gland, and neighboring muscles.

Question 17

The __________is the smallest branch of the external carotid artery. It arises near its origin.

Answer 17

ascending pharyngeal artery

Question 18

The ascending pharyngeal artery ascends along the pharyngeal wall toward _______, medial to internal carotid artery.

Answer 18

cranial base

Question 19

What does the ascending pharyngeal artery supply?

Answer 19

pharynx, soft palate, palatine tonsil, middle ear, and cranial dura mater.

Question 20

The ______ is an upward continuation of the external carotid artery. It ascends anterior to the ear with the auriculotemporal nerve and superficial temporal vein.

Answer 20

superficial temporal artery

Question 21

The superficial temporal artery passes superficial (lateral) to the root of the _____ of the temporal bone. It is superior to the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, it divides into anterior (frontal) and posterior (parietal) branches.

Answer 21

zygomatic process

Question 22

What does the superficial temporal artery supply?

Answer 22

Supplies frontal, temporal, and parietal regions of scalp

• Also gives branches to parotid gland, external ear, face, and temporomandibular joint

Question 23

The __________ is the largest of the two terminal branches of external carotid artery. It passes anteriorly, deep to neck of mandible and it runs through infratemporal fossa, and terminates in ____.

Answer 23

Maxillary Artery

pterygopalatine fossa

Question 24

The maxillary artery gives off branches that supply:

Answer 24

the external and middle ear, cranial dura mater, upper and lower teeth and gingiva, muscles of mastication, face, hard and soft palate, palatine tonsil, and nasal cavity.

Question 25

The _______ collects most venous blood from the head and neck.

Answer 25

Internal Jugular Vein

Question 26

The internal jugular vein begins in the ________, as a continuation of sigmoid sinus, and ends posterior to the sternoclavicular joint, where it joins subclavian vein to form ____________.

Answer 26

jugular foramen brachiocephalic vein

Question 27

The internal jugular vein lies within carotid sheath, lateral to ________ artery (in upper neck), and lateral to ________ artery (in lower neck).

Answer 27

internal carotid | common carotid

Question 28

The _________ lie alongside the internal jugular vein. The upper and lower ends of internal jugular vein are dilated (superior and inferior bulbs).

Answer 28

deep cervical lymph nodes

Question 29

The Internal Jugular Vein has tributaries and they are:

Answer 29

``` –Inferior petrosal sinus and sigmoid sinus, leaves cranial cavity via jugular foramen and drains into superior bulb –Lingual vein(s) –Pharyngeal veins –Facial vein –Superior and middle thyroid veins –Occipital vein (sometimes) ```

Question 30

The right _________ is a branch of brachiocephalic trunk (artery), begins posterior to right sternoclavicular joint.

Answer 30

Subclavian Artery

Question 31

The left ____________ is a branch of aortic arch, begins in superior mediastinum.

Answer 31

Subclavian Artery

Question 32

The subclavian artery is divided into 3 parts by the scalenus anterior muscle

Answer 32

– 1st part: from origin to medial border of scalenus anterior – 2nd part: posterior to scalenus anterior – 3rd part: from lateral border of scalenus anterior to lateral border of 1st rib, where it becomes continuous with axillary artery.

Question 33

Subclavian Artery | Branches of 1st part

Answer 33

Branches of 1st part –Vertebral artery –Thyrocervical trunk –Internal thoracic artery

Question 34

Subclavian Artery Branches of 2nd part –Costocervical trunk (may originate from 1st part)

Answer 34

–Costocervical trunk (may originate from 1st part)

Question 35

Subclavian Artery | Branch of 3rd part

Answer 35

–Gives rise to dorsal scapular artery or may have no branches

Question 36

The ________ originates from 1st part of subclavian artery. Its course is divided into 4 parts. – 1st (prevertebral) part • Runs superiorly and posteriorly from subclavian artery to transverse foramen of C6, between longus colli muscle (medial to artery) and scalenus anterior muscle (lateral to artery) • Inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion (or cervicothoracic/stellate ganglion) lies posterior to 1st part of vertebral artery – 2nd (cervical) part • Ascends through transverse foramina of C6 to C1, anterior to ventral rami of corresponding spinal nerves.

Answer 36

Vertebral Artery

Question 37

The vertebral artery is divided into 4 parts:

Answer 37

– 1st (prevertebral) part – 2nd (cervical) part – 3rd (atlantic) part – 4th (intracranial) part

Question 38

The __________ part of the vertebral artery runs superiorly and posteriorly from subclavian artery to transverse foramen of C6, between longus colli muscle (medial to artery) and scalenus anterior muscle (lateral to artery). It is inferior to the cervical sympathetic ganglion (or cervicothoracic/stellate ganglion) and lies posterior to 1st part of vertebral artery.

Answer 38

1st (prevertebral)

Question 39

The ______ ascends through the transverse foramina of C6 to C1, anterior to ventral rami of corresponding spinal nerves.

Answer 39

2nd (cervical) part of the vertebral artery

Question 40

The _________ of the vertebral artery runs medially, posterior to lateral mass of atlas, and enters vertebral canal passing under the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane. It lies in a groove on the superior surface of the posterior arch of atlas and it is within the suboccipital triangle.

Answer 40

3rd (atlantic) part of the vertebral artery

Question 41

The _______ of the vertebral artery pierces the dura mater and the arachnoid. It ascends into cranial cavity (within subarachnoid space) via the foramen magnum.

Answer 41

4th (intracranial) part of the vertebral artery

Question 42

The ________ gives off major branches of vertebral artery.

Answer 42

4th (intracranial) part

Question 43

The _______ gives off small muscular and spinal branches of the vertebral artery.

Answer 43

2nd (cervical) part

Question 44

The _________ originates from the 1st part of the subclavian artery, just medial to scalenus anterior muscle, and opposite origin of internal thoracic artery. After a short course, it divides into inferior thyroid, superficial (transverse) cervical, and suprascapular arteries.

Answer 44

thyrocervical trunk

Question 45

Thyrocervical Trunk The ___________ contributes to supply larynx, trachea, pharynx, esophagus, thyroid and parathyroid glands. It ascends to the level of cricoid cartilage and then arches medially, posterior to carotid sheath, to reach lower part of lobe of the thyroid gland. As it approachesthe thyroid gland, it is closely related to ___________.

Answer 45

Inferior thyroid artery recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 46

Thyrocervical Trunk The ___________ originates from the inferior thyroid artery as it arches medially. It ascends on the scalenus anterior muscle and it supplies adjacent muscles and gives 1 or 2 spinal branches.

Answer 46

Ascending cervical artery

Question 47

Thyrocervical Trunk The _________ runs laterally and posteriorly, passing anterior to scalenus anterior, phrenic nerve, and brachial plexus. It supplies superficial muscles of upper back.

Answer 47

superficial (transverse) cervical artery

Question 48

If dorsal scapular artery originates directly from the subclavian artery, the artery is called _____. It is known as _______ when it gives off the dorsal scapular artery.

Answer 48

superficial cervical transverse cervical artery

Question 49

Thyrocervical Trunk The _________ runs parallel and inferior to superficial (transverse) cervical artery. As it approaches the scapula, it is joined by the suprascapular nerve.

Answer 49

Suprascapular artery

Question 50

The _________ supplies muscles on posterior aspect of scapula.

Answer 50

Suprascapular artery

Question 51

The ________ usually originates from 2nd part of subclavian artery. It passes posteriorly, over cervical pleura, toward the neck of the 1st rib, where it divides into supreme (superior) intercostal and deep cervical arteries.

Answer 51

costocervical trunk

Question 52

The costocervical trunk divides into what two arteries?

Answer 52

Supreme intercostal and deep cervical arteries

Question 53

The __________ descends in front of neck of 1st and 2nd ribs. It gives off posterior intercostal arteries of upper 2 intercostal spaces.

Answer 53

Supreme (superior) intercostal artery

Question 54

The __________ passes posteriorly, between transverse process of C7 and neck of 1st rib, ascends between semispinalis capitis and semispinalis cervicis muscles, then ends by anastomosing with a branch of occipital artery. It supplies deep muscles of back of neck.

Answer 54

deep cervical artery

Question 55

The __________ may originate from the transverse cervical artery or directly from the subclavian artery (usually 3rd part).

Answer 55

dorsal scapular artery

Question 56

____________ runs through the brachial plexus (above or below middle trunk) and passes deep to the levator scapulae to reach the superior angle of scapula. It descends along the medial border of scapula, deep to rhomboid muscles, with dorsal scapular nerve.

Answer 56

dorsal scapular artery

Question 57

The _______ supplies neighboring muscles and anastomoses with branches of the suprascapular artery and the subscapular artery.

Answer 57

dorsal scapular artery

Question 58

The suprascapular artery is a branch of the ______trunk. The subscapular artery is a branch of the _______.

Answer 58

thyrocervical trunk axillary artery

Question 59

The ________ begins at lateral border of 1st rib, as a continuation of axillary vein. It passes over 1st rib, anterior and slightly inferior to subclavian artery (separated from it by scalenus anterior muscle). It ends posterior to sternoclavicular joint by joining the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein.

Answer 59

subclavian vein

Question 60

The subclavian vein has only one constant tributary, the __________.

Answer 60

external jugular vein

Question 61

The vagus nerve contains ___ and ____ fibers.

Answer 61

motor and sensory fibers

Question 62

The vagus nerve originates from the ______ and exits skull through the ______.

Answer 62

medulla oblongata | jugular foramen

Question 63

The vagus nerve descends in the neck within the carotid sheath. It is first between the ______ and _____, and more inferiorly between the _____ and _____.

Answer 63

internal jugular vein and internal carotid artery internal jugular vein and common carotid artery

Question 64

The vagus nerve has two sensory ganglia. What are they?

Answer 64

Superior ganglion: small, lies on vagus nerve within jugular foramen. Inferior ganglion: larger, lies on vagus nerve just inferior to jugular foramen

Question 65

The vagus nerve _______ ganglion is small, lies on vagus nerve within jugular foramen.

Answer 65

Superior ganglion: small, lies on vagus nerve within jugular foramen.

Question 66

The vagus nerve _______ ganglion is larger, lies on vagus nerve just inferior to jugular foramen.

Answer 66

Inferior ganglion: larger, lies on vagus nerve just inferior to jugular foramen

Question 67

The vagus nerve branches within the jugular foramen. What are the branches? Meningeal branch • Supplies dura mater of posterior cranial fossa – Auricular branch • Runs within temporal bone and contributes to supply auricle, external acoustic meatus, and tympanic membrane • Branches in neck – Pharyngeal branch • Supplies motor innervation to most muscles of pharynx and soft palate • Joins pharyngeal branches of glossopharyngeal nerve and superior cervical ganglion of sympathetic trunk to form pharyngeal plexus

Answer 67

Meningeal branch Auricular branch Think: Give the "jug" for MA. :)

Question 68

The _______ of the vagus nerve supplies dura mater of posterior cranial fossa.

Answer 68

meningeal branch

Question 69

The ______ of the vagus nerve runs within the temporal bone and contributes to supply auricle, external acoustic meatus, and tympanic membrane.

Answer 69

auricular branch

Question 70

The vagus nerve has branches in neck and they are:

Answer 70

Pharyngeal branch Superior laryngeal nerve External laryngeal nerve Cardiac branches

Question 71

The ______ of the vagus nerve supplies motor innervation to most muscles of pharynx and soft palate.

Answer 71

pharyngeal branch

Question 72

The pharyngeal branch joins the pharyngeal branches of the ______ and the ________ of the sympathetic trunk to form the pharyngeal plexus.

Answer 72

glossopharyngeal nerve superior cervical ganglion right recurrent laryngeal

Question 73

The superior laryngeal nerve of the vagus nerve divides into internal and external laryngeal nerves.

Answer 73

superior laryngeal nerve

Question 74

The _________ (sensory). It pierces the thyrohyoid membrane with superior laryngeal vessels and it supplies sensory innervation to mucosa of the laryngopharynx, larynx (as far down as vocal folds), and small area on posterior part of tongue.

Answer 74

internal laryngeal nerve

Question 75

The ________ (motor) supplies the cricothyroid muscle, and part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle.

Answer 75

external laryngeal nerve

Question 76

The cardiac branches end in the _______.

Answer 76

cardiac plexus in thorax

Question 77

The _________ nerve curves around inferior aspect of right subclavian artery, close to its origin It ascends to the larynx in a groove between the trachea and esophagus, on the right side.

Answer 77

right recurrent laryngeal

Question 78

The accessory nerve contains _____ fibers. It originates from C1 to C5 segments of spinal cord and it ascends in the vertebral canal, posterior to denticulate ligament.

Answer 78

motor

Question 79

The accessory nerve enters the posterior cranial fossa through the ______. After a short course, it exits posterior cranial fossa through _____ and it descends obliquely, lateral or medial, to internal jugular vein.

Answer 79

foramen magnum jugular foramen

Question 80

The accessory nerve enters the deep surface of the _____ and supplies it. It emerges above the midpoint of the posterior border of the ______ and crosses the posterior triangle of neck (on levator scapulae). It then disappears under anterior border of trapezius to supply it.

Answer 80

sternocleidomastoid

Question 81

The hypoglossal nerve contains motor fibers that supply muscles of tongue. It originates from medulla oblongata and exits skull via hypoglossal canal. It descends between _______ and _____ to approximately level of angle of mandible.

Answer 81

internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein

Question 82

The hypoglossal nerve curves around ______ and turns forward.

Answer 82

occipital artery

Question 83

As the hypoglossal nerve runs anteriorly, toward the tongue, it passes superficial (lateral) to external carotid artery, origin of _____, and hyoglossus muscle, and it passes deep (medial) to posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, and mylohyoid muscles

Answer 83

lingual artery

Question 84

Opposite the atlas, the hypoglossal nerve is joined by fibers from ventral rami of C1 and C2 spinal nerves. These fibers supply motor innervation to ______ and _____, and sensory innervation to _______.

Answer 84

infrahyoid muscles and geniohyoid dura mater of posterior cranial fossa

Question 85

What are branches of the hypoglossal nerve?

Answer 85

Meningeal branch Upper root of ansa cervicalis Nerves to thyrohyoid and geniohyoid Terminal branches supply intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue (except palatoglossus)

Question 86

The ______ arises from hypoglossal nerve within the hypoglossal canal. It supplies the dura mater of posterior cranial fossa and it contains sensory fibers from C1 and C2 spinal nerves.

Answer 86

meningeal branch

Question 87

_________ consists of C1 motor fibers.

Answer 87

Upper root of ansa cervicalis

Question 88

The nerves to _____ and ________ consist of C1 motor fibers.

Answer 88

thyrohyoid and geniohyoid

Question 89

______ supply intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue (except palatoglossus). They are the only branches that contain true hypoglossal fibers.

Answer 89

Terminal branches

Question 90

The cervical part of the sympathetic trunk is an ______ continuation of the thoracic sympathetic trunk. It lies posterior to carotid sheath and anterior to prevertebral muscles.

Answer 90

upward

Question 91

The cervical part of the sympathetic trunk receives no ______.

Answer 91

white communicating rami

Question 92

The preganglionic fibers for the cervical sympathetic ganglia originate from the __________. These fibers leave spinal cord in ____ spinal nerves.

Answer 92

the upper 4 thoracic segments of spinal cord T1 to T4

Question 93

The cervical sympathetic ganglia enter the upper thoracic sympathetic trunk via ________. They ascend through sympathetic trunk to reach cervical ganglia.

Answer 93

white communicating rami

Question 94

The cervical sympathetic ganglia usually consists of 3 interconnected ganglia. What are they?

Answer 94

Superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia Sometimes a 4th (vertebral) ganglion is present on anterior aspect of vertebral artery, close to its origin.

Question 95

All branches that originate from the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia contain ______ sympathetic fibers.

Answer 95

postganglionic

Question 96

What is the largest cervical ganglion?

Answer 96

Superior Cervical Ganglion

Question 97

What are branches of the superior cervical ganglion?

Answer 97

``` – Internal carotid nerve – External carotid nerves – Gray communicating rami to spinal nerves C1 to C4 – Pharyngeal branches – Superior cervical cardiac nerve ```

Question 98

Branches of the Superior Cervical Ganglion The ______ is a branch for the superior cervical ganglion. It is an upward continuation of superior cervical ganglion and it divides into branches that form a plexus around internal carotid artery and its branches.

Answer 98

internal carotid nerve

Question 99

Branches of the Superior Cervical Ganglion The ______ join the external carotid artery. They form a plexus around external carotid artery and its branches.

Answer 99

external carotid nerves

Question 100

Branches of the Superior Cervical Ganglion The pharyngeal branches join the pharyngeal branches of the _______ and ______ to form pharyngeal plexus.

Answer 100

glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves

Question 101

Branches of the Superior Cervical Ganglion The ________ ends in cardiac plexus.

Answer 101

superior cervical cardiac nerve

Question 102

What is the smallest and most variable of cervical ganglia?

Answer 102

Middle Cervical Ganglion

Question 103

The middle cervical ganglion commonly lies at the level of ________, close to arch of inferior thyroid artery.

Answer 103

cricoid cartilage

Question 104

What are the branches of the middle cervical ganglion?

Answer 104

Gray communicating rami for spinal nerves C5 and C6 Middle cervical cardiac nerve Thyroid branches

Question 105

The inferior cervical ganglion commonly fuses with first thoracic ganglion to form ______.

Answer 105

cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion

Question 106

The _______ lies between the transverse process of C7 vertebra and the neck of the 1st rib, posterior to 1st part of vertebral artery.

Answer 106

inferior cervical ganglion

Question 107

What are the branches of the inferior cervical ganglion?

Answer 107

– Gray communicating rami to spinal nerves C7 and C8 – Branches that accompany vertebral and subclavian arteries – Inferior cervical cardiac nerve which ends in cardiac plexus – Ansa subclavia

Question 108

What is the ansa subclavian?

Answer 108

Thin nerve bundle connecting middle and inferior cervical ganglia that loops around subclavian artery

Question 109

The cervical plexus is formed by the ventral rami of C1 to C4 spinal nerves. C1 to C4 ventral rami are connected by nerve loops located anterior to origins of _________ and _________, and deep to _____.

Answer 109

levator scapulae and scalenus medius, and deep to sternocleidomastoid

Question 110

What are the Cervical Plexus Branches?

Answer 110

Cutaneous branches: lesser occipital, great auricular, transverse cervical, and supraclavicular nerves – Ansa cervicalis

Question 111

What are the Cervical Plexus Branches?

Answer 111

-- Cutaneous branches: lesser occipital, great auricular, transverse cervical, and supraclavicular nerves – Ansa cervicalis --Phrenic nerve (C3 to C5) – Muscular branches

Question 112

Cervical Plexus Branches The muscular branches supply the anterior vertebral muscles, _____, ________, ______(proprioceptive), and _______(proprioceptive).

Answer 112

scalenus medius, levator scapulae, trapezius (proprioceptive), and sternocleidomastoid (proprioceptive).

Question 113

The thyroid Gland is an endocrine gland that secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which stimulate metabolic rate. The thyroid gland It also secretes _____.

Answer 113

calcitonin, which lowers blood calcium levels

Question 114

The thyroid gland is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath, derived from _______ of deep cervical fascia, which attaches the gland to trachea and larynx (gland moves up and down with swallowing).

Answer 114

pretracheal layer

Question 115

Thyroid gland originates from endoderm of floor of _____ (in region where tongue develops). It migrates inferiorly to assume its final position in neck.

Answer 115

pharynx

Question 116

The thyroid gland's point of origin is indicated on dorsal surface of tongue by _______. During its migration, thyroid gland remains connected to tongue by a narrow canal, ________ (later disappears).

Answer 116

foramen cecum thyroglossal duct

Question 117

_________ are caused by persistence of a segment of thyroglossal duct. They are located in anterior midline of neck, usually close to hyoid bone.

Answer 117

Thyroglossal cysts

Question 118

What are the two parts of the thyroid gland?

Answer 118

Two lobes (right and left), isthmus, and pyramidal lobe (not always present) Lobes are roughly pear-shaped • Apex directed upward (reaches oblique line of thyroid cartilage) • Base directed downward (reaches 4th or 5th tracheal cartilages) – Isthmus extends across midline anterior to 2nd and 3rd tracheal cartilages – Pyramidal lobe projects upward from isthmus • Represents distal part of thyroglossal duct that does not disappear

Question 119

Thyroid Gland: Anatomical relations of lobes are:

Answer 119

– Anterolaterally: Sternothyroid (covers gland directly), sternohyoid, anterior border of sternocleidomastoid – Posterolaterally: carotid sheath with its contents – Medially: larynx, trachea, pharynx, esophagus, external laryngeal nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve – Posterior border: parathyroid glands • Anatomical relations of isthmus – Anteriorly: sternothyroid, sternohyoid, anterior jugular vein – Posteriorly: 2nd and 3rd tracheal cartilages

Question 120

What are the arteries of the thyroid gland?

Answer 120

– Superior thyroid artery (branch of external carotid artery) – Inferior thyroid artery [branch of thyrocervical trunk (from 1st part of subclavian artery)] – Thyroid ima (lowest) artery • Present in approximately 10% of people • Usually originates from brachiocephalic trunk or aortic arch • Ascends on anterior surface of trachea to reach isthmus of thyroid gland • Possible presence of this artery must be considered when performing procedures in midline of neck, inferior to isthmus

Question 121

What are the Thyroid Gland Veins?

Answer 121

–Superior and middle thyroid veins • Drain into internal jugular vein –Inferior thyroid vein • Descends anterior to trachea and posterior to manubrium of sternum • Drains into corresponding brachiocephalic vein (sometimes right and left inferior thyroid veins join to form a single trunk, which drains into left brachiocephalic vein)

Question 122

Parathyroid Glands are usually ____ in number (two superior and two inferior). They are flattened, oval bodies located on posterior aspect of lobes of thyroid gland, under its fascial sheath.

Answer 122

4 in number (2 superior and 2 inferior)

Question 123

Parathyroid Glands: The _______ lie approximately at level of lower border of cricoid cartilage.

Answer 123

superior glands

Question 124

Parathyroid Glands: The _________ lie near the inferior pole of lobes of thyroid gland. They are less constant in position; sometimes found below level of thyroid gland, even in superior mediastinum, close to thymus.

Answer 124

inferior glands

Question 125

Parathyroid Glands secrete _____ (parathyroid hormone). The parathyroid gland increase blood calcium levels. Their arterial supply are superior and inferior thyroid arteries. The parathyroid veins drain into the _________.

Answer 125

parathormone thyroid venous plexus