Face

Question 1

What is Bell’s Palsy?

Answer 1

Lower motor neuron syndrome of facial nerve resulting in unilateral paralysis or paresis of all facial muscles

Though to be associated with virus infection (herpes simplex)

Question 2

What results from an upper motor neuron lesion affecting the facial nerve?

Answer 2

Only muscles of the lower face are paralyzed on one side.

E.g. cortical stroke

Question 3

What are the branches of the External Carotid artery?

Answer 3

Facial artery

Superficial Temporal artery

Question 4

What are the branches of the facial artery?

Answer 4

Superior and Inferior Labial arteries

Angular artery

Question 5

What branches from the Internal Carotid artery?

Answer 5

Ophthalmic Artery

Question 6

What are the branches of the ophthalmic artery?

Answer 6

Supraorbital artery

Supratrochlear artery

Question 7

Describe venous drainage of the face.

Answer 7

Generally follow arteries

Have no valves

Extensive anastomoses

Question 8

Why are prolonged infections on the face dangerous?

Answer 8

Infections can spread via anastomoses from the face into venous sinuses inside of the skill and involve cranial nerves to muscles of the eye

Clinical sign is diplopia = blurred vision

Question 9

What supplies sensory innervation to the face?

Answer 9

Trigeminal Nerve

Question 10

What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 10

V1 - Ophthalmic

V2 - Maxillary

V3 - Mandibular

Question 11

Why can facial nerve damage produce difficulty eating?

Answer 11

Buccinator becomes paralyzed so foot is not kept between teeth

Question 12

How is facial nerve function tested?

Answer 12

By raising the eyebrows with Frontalis

Question 13

What are the 5 terminal branches of the facial nerve superior to inferior?

Answer 13

Temproal

Zygomatic

Buccal

Mandibular

Cervical

Question 14

What clinical implications are there for paralysis of the orbicularis oculi muscle?

Answer 14

Patient unable to close eye

Can damage cornea

In newborns, can sew eyelid shut to prevent corneal damage

Question 15

What are the five facial primordia that form in the fourth week in development and surround the developing stomodeum?

Answer 15

Frontonasal process - by mesenchyme below brain

Maxillary processes - from first branchial arch

Mandibular processes - from first branchial arch inferior to maxillary processes

Question 16

What is Cheiloschisis and how does it occur?

Answer 16

Cleft Lip

Due to failure of fusion of medial nasal process and maxillary process - can be unilateral or bilateral

Question 17

What is the nasolacrimal duct?

Answer 17

Connects anterior eye to nasal cavity

Develops as a solid cord from medial angle of eye to nasal cavity, becomes canalized

Obstructed duct can be opened surgically

Question 18

Where does the opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve innervate and what are its branches?

Answer 18

Skin above the orbit and medial nose

Supraorbital, Supratrochlear, Infratroclear, Lacrimal, and External Nasal

Question 19

Where does the Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve innervate and what are its branches?

Answer 19

Skin of cheek below orbit

Infraorbital, Zygomaticofacial, and Zygomaticotemporal

Question 20

Where does the Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve innervate and what are its branches?

Answer 20

Skin of jaw and face below angle of mouth

Mental nerve, Auriculotemporal nerve, and Buccal branch of trigeminal