F4 Industriellt relevanta mikrober och industriell produktion av biokemikalier

Question 1

bioraffinaderi

Answer 1

en anläggning för produktion av produkter (kemikalier, material, bränsle och energi) från en biobaserad råvara

Question 2

Bioeconomy can be defined as the knowledge-based production and utilization of biological resources, biological processes and principles to sustainably provide goods and services across all economic sectors.
It involves three elements:

Answer 2

1. The use of renewable biomass and efficient
   bioprocesses to achieve a sustainable production;
2. The use of enabling and converging technologies,
   including biotechnology;
3. Integration across applications such as agriculture,
   health and industry.

Question 3

ensuring a coherent framework

demand: …
investments: …
supply: …

Answer 3

demand:
- incentives for biobased products
- public procurement schemes
- standards

investments:

• R&D / innovation
• loans / guarantees
• first-of-its-kind commercial plants

supply:
- support biomass development and collection

Question 4

Desirable Characteristics of Industrial Strains

Answer 4

• Efficient production of product
• Simple nutritional needs
• Genetically manipulatable and stability
• Safe
• Readily (enkelt) harvested from medium
• Readily breakable if intracellular product
• Limited byproducts in fermentation medium

Question 5

Strategies to obtain superior industrial (yeast) strains

Answer 5

• Selection
• Engineering
• Crossing

Question 6

Focus on yield for improving cell factories, why?

Answer 6

• Feedstock (råvaror) is expected to become an increasing relative cost factor in biochemical production
• Increases in yield, increase revenues from same feedstock and CAPEX costs

Question 7

biotechnological production, product categories (4):

Answer 7

1. cells or cell constituents which are themselves the product or which are used for various transformations
2. extracted metabolites from a naturally derived source
3. metabolites naturally accumulated as end-products in specific cells
4. natural or unnatural (heterologous) metabolites overproduced in the cell by recombinant DNA technology

Question 8

bioteknisk produtktion, exempel:

Answer 8

PET
PLA
EcoPaXX

Question 9

kommersiell produktion av bulkkemikalier med hjälp av S. cerevisiae, exempel:

Answer 9

starch, sugars -> succinic acid

sugarcane, corn sugar, lignocellulose -> ethanol

Question 10

kommersiell produktion av bulkkemikalier med hjälp av (andra) jäster, exempel:

Answer 10

sugars -> lactic acid (candida kruzeii)

-> lipids (yarrowia lipolytica)

Question 11

kommersiell produktion av bulkkemikalier med hjälp av E. coli, exempel:

Answer 11

glucose, sucrose -> isobutene

glucose -> amino acids

Question 12

kommersiell produktion av bulkkemikalier med hjälp av bakterier, exempel:

Answer 12

glucose -> lactic acid (lactic acid bacteria)

glucose -> amino acids (clostridium)

Question 13

kommersiell produktion av bulkkemikalier med hjälp av filamentösa svampar, exempel:

Answer 13

corn -> citric acid (Aspergillus niger)

• > itaconic acid (Aspergillus terreus)
• > proteins

Question 14

exempel på protein som produceras med hjälp av filamentösa svampar:

Answer 14

phytase (Aspergillus niger)

chymosin (Aspergillus awamori)

Question 15

bioteknisk vs kemisk produktion, fördelar/nackdelar:

Answer 15

advantages:

• possible to use a range of waste products as substrates
• reactions can be performed at near room temperature and atmospheric pressure
• cells or enzymes can perform many steps in a single one
• it is possible to build very complex molecules often in a few steps
• reactions can usually be performed with water as solvent

disadvantages:

• require access to large quantities to fresh water
• reaction rates are comparatively slow to chemical synthesis
• the investment cost are high for the biotech-based equipment

Question 16

theoretical yield
actual yield
percent yield

Answer 16

theoretical yield is the amount of product predicted by the stoichiometry

actual yield is the amount actually obtained in the experiment

percent yield is the actual yield divided by the theoretical yield

Question 17

RQ (respiratorisk kvot)

Answer 17

ett mått på kvoten mellan intaget syre och producerat koldioxid (CO2 / O2)