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BBT035 > F1 Introduction into microbiology > Flashcards

F1 Introduction into microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is biotechnology?

A

integration of natural sciences and engineering, technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivates thereof, to make or modify products and process for specific use

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2
Q

red / green / white / blue biotechnology

A 
red = medical
green = agricultural
white = industrial
blue = marine
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3
Q

first / second / third / fourth era of biotechnology

A

The first era: food products through fermentation (alcohol, cheese)
The second era: organic acids and solvents from microorganisms (from 1890)
The third era: antibiotics (from 1940ies)
The fourth era: genetic engineering (from 1980ies)

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4
Q

microbial production, the proces

A

substrate -> microorganism (yeast etc) -> product

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5
Q

microbes as cell factories

A
  • engineering of metabolic processes to produce new or modified products
  • improved substrate specificity or robustness
  • improved transport processes (inside and outside of the cells) to increase the yield of product
  • genetic engineering to obtain new products (recombinant products)
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6
Q

what is microbiology?

A

study of microorganisms

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7
Q

fungi, protist, bacteria and archaea are … microorganisms

A

cellular

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8
Q

viruses, viroids, satellites and prions are… microorganisms

A

acellular

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9
Q

taxonomy

A

science of naming, describing and classifying organisms

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10
Q

phylogeny

A

study of relationships among different groups of organisms and their evolutionary development

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11
Q

advantages of being small microorganism

A
  • fast growth
  • fast nutrient uptake
  • one chromosome -> faster mutation rate -> faster evolution
  • small enough to colonize any environment (parasites, intracellular)
  • minimal cell size 0.2-0.4 µm
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12
Q

prokaryots vs eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes

  • bacteria, archaea
  • single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus (cellkärna)
  • small
  • have a peptidoglycan cell wall (with few exceptions)
  • have one haploid chromosome, packed by nucleoid-associated proteins
  • have 70S ribosomes
  • unicellular
  • have no membrane-enclosed organelles

eukaryotes

  • organisms whose cells have a nucleus
  • may have a cellulose (plants) or chitin cell wall (fungi)
  • may have multiple chromosomes, packed by histones and located in the nucleus
  • have 80S ribosomes
  • multicellular
  • have a variety of organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts)
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13
Q

bacterial morphology

A

four basic shapes: spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), arc-shaped (vibrio), and spiral (spirochete)

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14
Q

common prokaryotic cell arrangements

A

coccus, diplococcus, tetrad, streptococcus, straphylococcus, bacillus, streptobacillus

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15
Q

bacterial biofilms

A

En biofilm är ett aggregat eller kluster av mikroorganismer, till exempel bakterier, som gemensamt bildar en skyddande film där bakterierna kan samarbeta metaboliskt

adhesion -> slime formation (EPS) -> biofilm maturation -> release

cells in a biofilm may have different
jobs, still single cells!

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16
Q

archea

A
  • prokaryotes
  • similar to bacteria on first sight, but evolutionary closer to eukaryotes
  • Pseudopeptidoglycan major cell wall component
  • ether-linked phospholipids
  • monolayer lipids
  • unique metabolism
  • often found in extreme environments (unique robust membranes and proteins -> biotechnology!)
  • often resistant to antibiotics
17
Q

examples of yeast

A 
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s yeast)
Candida albicans (pathogen)
18
Q

examples of algae

A 
Euglena gracilis (model organism)
Dinoflagellates (red tide)
19
Q

examples of protist

A 
Plasmodium flaciparum (malaria)
Trypanosoma brucei (sleeping sickness)
20
Q

eukaryotes (four types)

A

plants, animals, fungi, protists

21
Q

use of bacteria in biotechnology

A
  • recombinant production of a range of products, e.g. insulin, antibiotics, amino acids, ethanol
  • fermentation applications, e.g. cheese production
22
Q

use of archaea in biotechnology

A

source of robust enzymes, e.g. heat-stable DNA polymerases (PCR)

23
Q

use of fungi in biotechnology

A
  • recombinant production of many products that need a eukaryotic system for production, e.g. glycoproteins
  • fermentation applications, e.g. brewing and baking
24
Q

use of algae in biotechnology

A
  • production of biofuels, e.g. bioethanol

- production of food products and additives

25
Q

use of protists in biotechnology

A

source of bioactive molecules, e.g. enzymes

26
Q

Gram-positive vs Gram-negative bacteria

A

differences in the cell wall

Gram-positive

  • thick peptidoglycan layer
  • no outer membrane
  • resistant to mechanical stress

Gram-negative

  • thin peptidoglycan cell wall
  • outer membrane
  • robust, difficult to diffuse through
  • resistant to chemical stress
  • sensitive to freezing
27
Q

outer membrane is highly …

A

impermeable
-> Gram-negative bacteria are much more difficult to treat with antibiotics than Gram-positive bacteria

lipopolysaccharides cause strong immune reactions, toxic

transport barrier

28
Q

Gram staining

A

fixation -> crystal violet -> iodine treatment (binds to crystal violet and traps it in the cell) -> decolorization (with ethanol or acetone) -> counter stain with Safranin

Gram-positive: purple
Gram-negative: pink

29
Q

the cytoplasmic membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer

60% protein

30
Q

membrane functions

A 
permeability barrier 
energy metabolism 
sensing 
communication 
motility (= rörlighet)
exchange with surrounding
31
Q

What is the relevance of the cell envelope for biotechnology?

A
  • uptake of nutrients and precursors
  • secretion of products and (unwanted) side products
  • genetic engineering towards improved uptake/secretion depending on the application
32
Q

What is the specific relevance of the outer membrane, cell wall, and inner membrane?

A
  • outer membrane: impermeability for chemicals -> chemical resistance, e. g. antibiotics
  • cell wall: mechanical robustness -> resistance towards pressure and osmotic shifts, also influences cell disruption for harvesting non-secreted products
  • inner membrane: chemical barrier, but much less so than outer membrane; harbors many important processes that need to be functioning for the cells to be healthy/grow/survive stress/take up or secrete products etc.
33
Q

What could be the advantages and diadvantages of using a Gram-positive bacterium, Gram-negative bacterium, or yeast in biotechnology?

A

• Gram-positive: fast growth, easy uptake of chemicals, harder to disrupt
• Gram-negative: fast growth, high chemical resilience, easy to disrupt, risk of endotoxin contamination
• yeast: eukaryotic system, expression of eukaryotic gene products, grows slower than many typical industrially
used bacteria

BBT035 (12 decks)

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