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F334 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a carbonyl group?

A

C=O

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2
Q

What is the functional group of a ketone?

A

R-C(=O)-R’

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3
Q

What is the functional group of an aldehyde?

A

R-C(=O)-H

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4
Q

How are aldehydes named?

A

-al

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5
Q

How are ketones named?

A

-one

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6
Q

What are the reagents and conditions for the formation of aldehydes and ketones by oxidation of alcohols?

A

Acidified potassium dichromate(VI)
Reflux for ketone
Distillation for aldehyde

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7
Q

What is the colour change in oxidation of alcohols?

A

Orange to green

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8
Q

What are the reagents and conditions for the oxidation of aldehydes?

A

Fehlings solution
OR
Hear under reflux
Acidified potassium dichromate(VI)

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9
Q

What is the colour change for oxidation of aldehydes using Fehlings solution?

A

Blue to orange brown solid when heated

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10
Q

What are the reagents and conditions for the reduction of aldehydes and ketones?

A

NaBH4

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11
Q

What is formed when HCN is reacted with an aldehyde or ketone in an addition reaction?

A

2-hydroxynitrile

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12
Q

What is the mechanism for the reaction between an aldehyde or ketone and HCN?

A

Nucleophilic addition

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13
Q

What can be used to detect C=C bonds?

A

Bromine solutions

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14
Q

What is formed when phenol or carboxylic acid react with a strong base?

A

A salt

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15
Q

What is produced when carboxylic acid reacts with a carbonate?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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16
Q

What colour is formed when phenol is reacted with iron(III) chloride?

A

Purple

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17
Q

What are the reagents and conditions for the formation of esters from alcohol and carboxylic acid?

A

Concentrated hydrochloric acid

Heated

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18
Q

What is reacted with phenol to form an ester?

A

Acyl chloride or acid anhydride

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19
Q

What are the reagents and conditions for the dehydration of alcohol?

A

Vapour passed over hot alumina

300C

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20
Q

How is salicin converted into salicylic acid?

A

Hydrolysis and oxidation by the body

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21
Q

How does ionisation occur in a mass spectrometer?

A

Stream of electrons fired

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22
Q

What are the sections in a mass spectrometer?

A

Ionisation area
Acceleration area
Drift region
Ion-detector

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23
Q

How does acceleration occur in a mass spectrometer?

A

Negatively charged plates

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24
Q

What are the key features of a rearrangement reaction?

A

Same number of products as reactants

100% atom economy

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25
Q

What is the atom economy of an addition reaction?

A

100%

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26
Q

What is the order of highest to lowest atom economy for different reaction types?

A

Rearrangement and addition
Substitution
Elimination

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27
Q

How are polyesters made?

A

Reacting a diol with a dicarboxylic acid

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28
Q

What are the reagents and conditions for the formation of an ester from a phenol?

A

Acid anhydride - heated under reflux, absence of water

Acyl chloride - room temperature, absence of water

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29
Q

What are the reagents and conditions for ester hydrolysis?

A

Dilute sulphuric acid
OR
Add an alkali

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30
Q

What is the technique for TLC?

A

Spot on pencil line 1cm from base of plate
Suspend in beaker with solvent below line and cover beaker
Remove plate when solvent front near top
Mark where front is and allow to dry
Locate spots with ninhydrin

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31
Q

What are acids?

A

Proton donators

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32
Q

What are bases?

A

Proton acceptors

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33
Q

What is an oxonium ion?

A

(H3O)+

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34
Q

What is amphoteric?

A

Substance which can behave as both acid and base

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35
Q

What are the properties of amines caused by its

Lone pair?

A

Soluble in water
Base
Ligand
Nucleophile

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36
Q

How are amides formed?

A

Amine reacted with acyl chloride

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37
Q

What are the reagents and conditions for the hydrolysis of amides?

A

Heated under reflux

Acid or alkali catalyst used

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38
Q

What is formed in acid amide hydrolysis?

A

Carboxylic acid and (NH4)+

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39
Q

What is formed in alkali amide hydrolysis?

A

Carboxylate ion and amine

40
Q

What are nylons?

A

Polyamides

41
Q

What are uses for degradable polymers?

A

Stitches

Medicine delivery

42
Q

What are liquid crystals?

A

Materials with a physical state between liquid and solid

When melted it still keeps some particle orientation

43
Q

How are polymers recycled?

A 
Process scrap recycling - left over from production
Post-use plastic recycling
Feedstock recycling
Use of bioplastics
Recycling other materials
44
Q

What are biopolymers?

A

Made by living organisms and broken down by bacteria

45
Q

What are synthetic biodegradable plastics?

A

Broken down by bacteria

46
Q

What are photodegradable plastics?

A

Broken down by sunlight

47
Q

How do biopolymers get broken down?

A

Broken down by bacteria when little glucose

48
Q

How are synthetic biodegradable plastics broken down?

A

Contain starch granules which get broken down by bacteria

Breaks into small pieces

49
Q

What are aramids?

A

Aromatic amides

50
Q

What is kevlar?

A

Aramid
Straight chains
Solvent of concentrated sulphuric acid

51
Q

What are the properties of kevlar?

A

Strong
Fire-resistant
Flexible

52
Q

What is Tg?

A

Temperature below which polymers are brittle

53
Q

What is Tm?

A

Temperature above which polymer becomes a viscous fluid

54
Q

How can Tg values be lowered?

A

Copolymerisation

Plasticisers

55
Q

Why does a polymers tensile strength increase with chain length?

A

More tangled - slide over each other less

More points of contact

56
Q

What is crystalline?

A

Areas in a polymer where the chains are closely packed in a regular way

57
Q

How can crystallinity of a polymer be increased?

A

Cold-drawing

58
Q

What are fibrous proteins used for?

A

Structural materials

59
Q

What are globular proteins used for?

A

Maintenance and regulation of processes

60
Q

What are zwitterions?

A

Particles containing both negatively charged and positively charged groups

61
Q

What is the bond between two amino acids?

A

Peptide link

62
Q

What is the reaction which bonds two amino acids?

A

Condensation reaction

63
Q

What is a proteins primary structure?

A

The order of amino acids

64
Q

What is a proteins secondary structure?

A

The a-helix or B-sheet

65
Q

What is a proteins tertiary structure?

A

Its overall shape

66
Q

What are the reagents and conditions for the hydrolysis of peptides and proteins?

A

Boiling

Moderately concentrated HCl

67
Q

What is non-superimposable?

A

Two mirror image isomers

68
Q

What is a chiral centre?

A

Carbon atom bonded to four different groups

69
Q

What is another name for optical isomers?

A

Enantiomers

70
Q

How can you tell if something is a L-enantiomer?

A

Obeys the CORN rule

COOH, R, NH2 looking down from hydrogen. Goes clockwise

71
Q

What shape and angle does methane have?

A

Tetrahedral

109 degrees

72
Q

What shape and angle does water and ammonia have?

A

Bent and pyramidal respectively

109 degrees

73
Q

What bond angle do linear molecules have?

A

180 degrees

74
Q

What shape and angle do molecules with 3 groups of electrons have?

A

Planar triangular

120 degrees

75
Q

What shape and angle do molecules with 5 groups of electrons have?

A

Trigonal bipyramidal

120 or 90 degrees

76
Q

What shape do molecules with 6 groups of electrons have?

A

Octahedral

77
Q

What does an E isomer have?

A

Double bond with groups opposite each other

78
Q

What are the four important bonds in protein chain folding?

A

ID-ID
Hydrogen bonds
Ionic
Covalent

79
Q

What properties do enzymes have?

A

Catalysts
Highly specific
Sensitive to pH
Sensitive to temperature

80
Q

What is the model of enzyme catalysis?

A

Enzyme + substrate->enzyme-substrate complex->enzyme-product complex->enzyme+products

81
Q

What are enzyme inhibitors?

A

Molecules that bind to an active site but cannot be catalysed

82
Q

What is rate of reaction?

A

The rate at which reactants are converted into products

83
Q

What are methods of measuring rate of reaction?

A 
Volume of gases produced
Mass changes
pH measurements
Colorimetry
Chemical analysis and titration
84
Q

How can you work out order of a reaction with respect to a reactant?

A

Plot initial rate against concentration

85
Q

What does the rate equation give us information about?

A

Rate-determining step

86
Q

How can you tell the number of moles of substances in the rate-determining step?

A

It’s the same as the order of reaction of those reactants

87
Q

What are the major uses of enzymes in food production?

A

Producing glucose syrup

Making cheese

88
Q

What effect do enzymes have on atom economy?

A

Increases it

89
Q

What is the technique for colorimetry?

A 
Filter with complementary colour
Range of standard solutions
Zero using pure solvent
Measure absorbances of standards
Plot calibration curve
Measure unknown absorbance and use curve
90
Q

What is stage 1 of the steelmaking process?

A

Scrap steel and 300 tonnes of molten iron added

Mg added via lance to remove MgS

91
Q

What is stage 2 of the steelmaking process?

A

Oxygen blow

Removes CO, MnO and FeO

92
Q

What is stage 3 of the steelmaking process?

A

Calcium oxide and magnesium oxide added
React with phosphorous oxide and silicon dioxide
Calcium and magnesium phosphates and silicates removed

93
Q

What is stage 4 of the steelmaking process?

A

Aluminium added

Aluminium oxide removed

94
Q

What is stage 5 of the steelmaking process?

A

Substances added to meet specification

95
Q

What is the process of rusting?

A

Oxygen reduced to hydroxide ions
Iron oxidised to Fe2+
Those ions form Fe(OH)2
Which reacts with oxygen to form Fe2O3.xH2O (rust)

96
Q

What are methods of preventing rust?

A

Paint

Sacrificial metal

97
Q

What is a coordination number?

A

The number of bonds from the central ion to ligands

Chemistry (6 decks)

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