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F334 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a carbonyl group?

A

C=O

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2
Q

What is the functional group of a ketone?

A

R-C(=O)-R’

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3
Q

What is the functional group of an aldehyde?

A

R-C(=O)-H

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4
Q

How are aldehydes named?

A

-al

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5
Q

How are ketones named?

A

-one

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6
Q

What are the reagents and conditions for the formation of aldehydes and ketones by oxidation of alcohols?

A

Acidified potassium dichromate(VI)
Reflux for ketone
Distillation for aldehyde

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7
Q

What is the colour change in oxidation of alcohols?

A

Orange to green

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8
Q

What are the reagents and conditions for the oxidation of aldehydes?

A

Fehlings solution
OR
Hear under reflux
Acidified potassium dichromate(VI)

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9
Q

What is the colour change for oxidation of aldehydes using Fehlings solution?

A

Blue to orange brown solid when heated

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10
Q

What are the reagents and conditions for the reduction of aldehydes and ketones?

A

NaBH4

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11
Q

What is formed when HCN is reacted with an aldehyde or ketone in an addition reaction?

A

2-hydroxynitrile

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12
Q

What is the mechanism for the reaction between an aldehyde or ketone and HCN?

A

Nucleophilic addition

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13
Q

What can be used to detect C=C bonds?

A

Bromine solutions

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14
Q

What is formed when phenol or carboxylic acid react with a strong base?

A

A salt

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15
Q

What is produced when carboxylic acid reacts with a carbonate?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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16
Q

What colour is formed when phenol is reacted with iron(III) chloride?

A

Purple

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17
Q

What are the reagents and conditions for the formation of esters from alcohol and carboxylic acid?

A

Concentrated hydrochloric acid

Heated

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18
Q

What is reacted with phenol to form an ester?

A

Acyl chloride or acid anhydride

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19
Q

What are the reagents and conditions for the dehydration of alcohol?

A

Vapour passed over hot alumina

300C

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20
Q

How is salicin converted into salicylic acid?

A

Hydrolysis and oxidation by the body

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21
Q

How does ionisation occur in a mass spectrometer?

A

Stream of electrons fired

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22
Q

What are the sections in a mass spectrometer?

A

Ionisation area
Acceleration area
Drift region
Ion-detector

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23
Q

How does acceleration occur in a mass spectrometer?

A

Negatively charged plates

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24
Q

What are the key features of a rearrangement reaction?

A

Same number of products as reactants

100% atom economy

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25
What is the atom economy of an addition reaction?
100%
26
What is the order of highest to lowest atom economy for different reaction types?
Rearrangement and addition Substitution Elimination
27
How are polyesters made?
Reacting a diol with a dicarboxylic acid
28
What are the reagents and conditions for the formation of an ester from a phenol?
Acid anhydride - heated under reflux, absence of water Acyl chloride - room temperature, absence of water
29
What are the reagents and conditions for ester hydrolysis?
Dilute sulphuric acid OR Add an alkali
30
What is the technique for TLC?
Spot on pencil line 1cm from base of plate Suspend in beaker with solvent below line and cover beaker Remove plate when solvent front near top Mark where front is and allow to dry Locate spots with ninhydrin
31
What are acids?
Proton donators
32
What are bases?
Proton acceptors
33
What is an oxonium ion?
(H3O)+
34
What is amphoteric?
Substance which can behave as both acid and base
35
What are the properties of amines caused by its | Lone pair?
Soluble in water Base Ligand Nucleophile
36
How are amides formed?
Amine reacted with acyl chloride
37
What are the reagents and conditions for the hydrolysis of amides?
Heated under reflux | Acid or alkali catalyst used
38
What is formed in acid amide hydrolysis?
Carboxylic acid and (NH4)+
39
What is formed in alkali amide hydrolysis?
Carboxylate ion and amine
40
What are nylons?
Polyamides
41
What are uses for degradable polymers?
Stitches | Medicine delivery
42
What are liquid crystals?
Materials with a physical state between liquid and solid | When melted it still keeps some particle orientation
43
How are polymers recycled?
``` Process scrap recycling - left over from production Post-use plastic recycling Feedstock recycling Use of bioplastics Recycling other materials ```
44
What are biopolymers?
Made by living organisms and broken down by bacteria
45
What are synthetic biodegradable plastics?
Broken down by bacteria
46
What are photodegradable plastics?
Broken down by sunlight
47
How do biopolymers get broken down?
Broken down by bacteria when little glucose
48
How are synthetic biodegradable plastics broken down?
Contain starch granules which get broken down by bacteria | Breaks into small pieces
49
What are aramids?
Aromatic amides
50
What is kevlar?
Aramid Straight chains Solvent of concentrated sulphuric acid
51
What are the properties of kevlar?
Strong Fire-resistant Flexible
52
What is Tg?
Temperature below which polymers are brittle
53
What is Tm?
Temperature above which polymer becomes a viscous fluid
54
How can Tg values be lowered?
Copolymerisation | Plasticisers
55
Why does a polymers tensile strength increase with chain length?
More tangled - slide over each other less | More points of contact
56
What is crystalline?
Areas in a polymer where the chains are closely packed in a regular way
57
How can crystallinity of a polymer be increased?
Cold-drawing
58
What are fibrous proteins used for?
Structural materials
59
What are globular proteins used for?
Maintenance and regulation of processes
60
What are zwitterions?
Particles containing both negatively charged and positively charged groups
61
What is the bond between two amino acids?
Peptide link
62
What is the reaction which bonds two amino acids?
Condensation reaction
63
What is a proteins primary structure?
The order of amino acids
64
What is a proteins secondary structure?
The a-helix or B-sheet
65
What is a proteins tertiary structure?
Its overall shape
66
What are the reagents and conditions for the hydrolysis of peptides and proteins?
Boiling | Moderately concentrated HCl
67
What is non-superimposable?
Two mirror image isomers
68
What is a chiral centre?
Carbon atom bonded to four different groups
69
What is another name for optical isomers?
Enantiomers
70
How can you tell if something is a L-enantiomer?
Obeys the CORN rule | COOH, R, NH2 looking down from hydrogen. Goes clockwise
71
What shape and angle does methane have?
Tetrahedral | 109 degrees
72
What shape and angle does water and ammonia have?
Bent and pyramidal respectively | 109 degrees
73
What bond angle do linear molecules have?
180 degrees
74
What shape and angle do molecules with 3 groups of electrons have?
Planar triangular | 120 degrees
75
What shape and angle do molecules with 5 groups of electrons have?
Trigonal bipyramidal | 120 or 90 degrees
76
What shape do molecules with 6 groups of electrons have?
Octahedral
77
What does an E isomer have?
Double bond with groups opposite each other
78
What are the four important bonds in protein chain folding?
ID-ID Hydrogen bonds Ionic Covalent
79
What properties do enzymes have?
Catalysts Highly specific Sensitive to pH Sensitive to temperature
80
What is the model of enzyme catalysis?
Enzyme + substrate->enzyme-substrate complex->enzyme-product complex->enzyme+products
81
What are enzyme inhibitors?
Molecules that bind to an active site but cannot be catalysed
82
What is rate of reaction?
The rate at which reactants are converted into products
83
What are methods of measuring rate of reaction?
``` Volume of gases produced Mass changes pH measurements Colorimetry Chemical analysis and titration ```
84
How can you work out order of a reaction with respect to a reactant?
Plot initial rate against concentration
85
What does the rate equation give us information about?
Rate-determining step
86
How can you tell the number of moles of substances in the rate-determining step?
It's the same as the order of reaction of those reactants
87
What are the major uses of enzymes in food production?
Producing glucose syrup | Making cheese
88
What effect do enzymes have on atom economy?
Increases it
89
What is the technique for colorimetry?
``` Filter with complementary colour Range of standard solutions Zero using pure solvent Measure absorbances of standards Plot calibration curve Measure unknown absorbance and use curve ```
90
What is stage 1 of the steelmaking process?
Scrap steel and 300 tonnes of molten iron added | Mg added via lance to remove MgS
91
What is stage 2 of the steelmaking process?
Oxygen blow | Removes CO, MnO and FeO
92
What is stage 3 of the steelmaking process?
Calcium oxide and magnesium oxide added React with phosphorous oxide and silicon dioxide Calcium and magnesium phosphates and silicates removed
93
What is stage 4 of the steelmaking process?
Aluminium added | Aluminium oxide removed
94
What is stage 5 of the steelmaking process?
Substances added to meet specification
95
What is the process of rusting?
Oxygen reduced to hydroxide ions Iron oxidised to Fe2+ Those ions form Fe(OH)2 Which reacts with oxygen to form Fe2O3.xH2O (rust)
96
What are methods of preventing rust?
Paint | Sacrificial metal
97
What is a coordination number?
The number of bonds from the central ion to ligands

Chemistry (6 decks)

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