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F331 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mass number?

A

The number of protons and neutrons

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2
Q

How do you find relative atomic mass?

A

Average of the masses of the isotopes

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3
Q

What are alpha emissions?

A

A helium nucleus

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4
Q

What are beta emissions?

A

An electron

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5
Q

What is gamma emission?

A

Energy

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6
Q

What occurs in nuclear fusion?

A

Two light atomic nuclei fuse to form a single heavier nucleus

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7
Q

What is the use of radioisotopes?

A

Radiocarbon dating (ratio of carbon isotopes) in dead animals
Decay of rocks
Tracers

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8
Q

What is the Sun’s surface called?

A

The photosphere

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9
Q

What is the area outside the Suns photosphere called?

A

The chromosphere

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10
Q

What is the appearance of an absorption spectrum?

A

Black lines on coloured background

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11
Q

What appearance does an emission spectra have?

A

Coloured lines on a black background

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12
Q

How is the speed of sound related to wavelength?

A

C= wavelength*frequency

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13
Q

How do you get an atomic emission spectra?

A

Heat atoms in flame
Pass through slit
Pass through prism

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14
Q

How do you get an atomic absorption spectrum?

A

White light through heated atoms of element
Pass through slit
Pass through prism

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15
Q

What is the Lyman series?

A

The emission spectrum of hydrogen atoms in the UV region

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16
Q

What is Bohrs theory?

A

Atomic spectra caused by electrons changing shells

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17
Q

What is quantisation of energy?

A

Difference between sub-shells has a specific energy for an element

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18
Q

What is a dative covalent bond?

A

Both electrons from the same atom

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19
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

Measure of the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons in a chemical bond to itself

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20
Q

What is metallic bonding?

A

Lattice of positive ions and pool of delocalised electrons

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21
Q

What is the shape and bond angle in a five atom compound like CH4?

A

Tetrahedral

109 degrees bonds

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22
Q

What shape is ammonia?

A

Pyramidal

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23
Q

What shape is water?

A

Bent

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24
Q

What is the shape and bond angles of BF3?

A

Planar triangular

120 degrees bond angles

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25
Q

What is the shape and bond angles when there are five groups of electrons around a centre atom?

A

Trigonal bipyramidal

120 or 90 degrees bond angles

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26
Q

What is the shape when six groups of electrons around the central atom?

A

Octahedral

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27
Q

What are the group 1 metals called?

A

Alkali metals

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28
Q

What are the group 2 elements called?

A

The alkaline earth metals

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29
Q

What do group 2 elements form when they react with water?

A

A hydroxide and hydrogen

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30
Q

What is formed when the group 2 oxides and hydroxides react with acids?

A

Salts and water

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31
Q

What is formed when heating group 2 elements carbonates?

A

Oxides and CO2

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32
Q

How does group 2 element solubilities change?

A

Increases going down for hydroxides

Decreases going down for carbonates

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33
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

The number of protons

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34
Q

What are feedstocks?

A

Starting materials

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35
Q

What is the equilibrium bond length?

A

The balance between attractive and repulsive forces

36
Q

What is used to separate crude oil?

A

Fractional distillation

37
Q

What are compound without a benzene ring called?

38
Q

What do alkanes oxidise to?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

39
Q

What is formed in alkane isomerisation?

A

Branched alkanes

40
Q

What are the conditions for alkane isomerisation?

A

Pt/Al2O3

150 C

41
Q

What are the products of alkane isomerisation used for?

A

Improve octane numbers

42
Q

What is the feedstock for alkane isomerisation?

A

C4 - C6 alkanes

43
Q

What is the feedstock for alkane reforming?

44
Q

What is the product in alkane reforming?

A

Cyclic alkanes

45
Q

What are the conditions for alkane reforming?

A

Pt/Al2O3
500 C
Hydrogen recycled

46
Q

What is the use of the alkane reforming products?

A

Improve octane number

47
Q

What is the feedstock for alkane steam cracking?

A

Naphtha/kerosene

48
Q

What are the products in alkane steam cracking?

A

Smaller alkanes and more molecules

49
Q

What are the conditions for alkane steam cracking?

A

No catalyst
900C
Steam as a diluent

50
Q

What is the use of the products of alkane steam cracking?

A

Manufacture polymers

51
Q

What is the feedstock of alkane catalytic cracking?

52
Q

What is the product of alkane catalytic cracking?

A 
More molecules
Fewer carbon atoms
Some unsaturated
Some branched
Some cyclic
53
Q

What are the conditions for alkane catalytic cracking?

A

Zeolite

500C

54
Q

What are the products of alkane catalytic cracking used for?

A

Improving octane number

55
Q

What is done with the fractional distillation residue?

A

Vacuum distilled

56
Q

What does fuel contain more of in winter?

A

Volatile components

57
Q

What is the octane number of a fuel?

A

Tendency to knock

58
Q

What is knocking caused by?

A

Early auto-ignition

59
Q

What is the difference between diesel and petrol?

A

Diesel has larger hydrocarbons

60
Q

What decreases octane number?

A

Longer chain

Less branching

61
Q

What does a low octane number represent?

A

High tendency to auto-ignite

62
Q

What is chain isomerism?

63
Q

What is position isomerism?

A

Differently positioned functional group

64
Q

What is functional group isomerism?

A

Different functional groups

65
Q

What is used to oxidise alcohols?

A

Acidified potassium dichromate (VI)

66
Q

What is the colour change of dichromate in oxidation?

A

Orange to green

67
Q

What are primary alcohols oxidised to?

A

Aldehydes then carboxylic acids

68
Q

How is aldehyde extracted in alcohol oxidation?

A

Distillation

69
Q

What are secondary alcohols oxidised to?

70
Q

What is the functional group of aldehydes?

71
Q

What is the functional group of ketones?

A

Double bonded oxygen inside a chain

72
Q

What are the conditions for alcohol dehydration?

A

Vapour of alcohol passed over hot catalyst of Al2O3

300C

73
Q

What is formed in alcohol dehydration?

A

Alkene and water

74
Q

What is the functional group of an ether?

75
Q

What is a cetane number?

A

Higher number is greater ease of ignition under compression

76
Q

What is entropy?

A

The amount of disorder in a system

77
Q

What is evaporative emission?

A

Hydrocarbons lost as fumes from an engine

78
Q

What is a photochemical reaction?

A

A reaction undergone when a molecule absorbs light energy

79
Q

What is used to study pollutant effects?

A

Monitoring pollutants
Studying individual reactions in the lab
Modelling studies
Smog chamber simulations

80
Q

How are catalysts used in cars?

A

Speed up reactions breaking down pollutants

81
Q

What is a homogenous catalysis reaction?

A

All reactants and catalyst in the same state

82
Q

What is a heterogeneous catalysis?

A

Reactants and catalyst in different states

83
Q

How do heterogeneous catalysts work?

A

Reactants adsorbed on

New bonds form

84
Q

How does catalyst poisoning occur?

A

Active sites blocked

85
Q

What is the catalyst in catalytic converters?

A

150C

Platinum alloyed with rhodium

86
Q

What are other fuel possibilities?

A

Lower volatility hydrocarbons
Ethanol
Biodiesel
Hydrogen

Chemistry (6 decks)

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