F331 Flashcards by Andrew K

What is the mass number?

The number of protons and neutrons

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How do you find relative atomic mass?

Average of the masses of the isotopes

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What are alpha emissions?

A helium nucleus

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What are beta emissions?

An electron

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What is gamma emission?

Energy

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What occurs in nuclear fusion?

Two light atomic nuclei fuse to form a single heavier nucleus

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What is the use of radioisotopes?

Radiocarbon dating (ratio of carbon isotopes) in dead animals
Decay of rocks
Tracers

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What is the Sun’s surface called?

The photosphere

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What is the area outside the Suns photosphere called?

The chromosphere

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What is the appearance of an absorption spectrum?

Black lines on coloured background

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What appearance does an emission spectra have?

Coloured lines on a black background

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How is the speed of sound related to wavelength?

C= wavelength*frequency

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How do you get an atomic emission spectra?

Heat atoms in flame
Pass through slit
Pass through prism

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How do you get an atomic absorption spectrum?

White light through heated atoms of element
Pass through slit
Pass through prism

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What is the Lyman series?

The emission spectrum of hydrogen atoms in the UV region

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What is Bohrs theory?

Atomic spectra caused by electrons changing shells

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What is quantisation of energy?

Difference between sub-shells has a specific energy for an element

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What is a dative covalent bond?

Both electrons from the same atom

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What is electronegativity?

Measure of the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons in a chemical bond to itself

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What is metallic bonding?

Lattice of positive ions and pool of delocalised electrons

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What is the shape and bond angle in a five atom compound like CH4?

Tetrahedral

109 degrees bonds

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What shape is ammonia?

Pyramidal

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What shape is water?

Bent

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What is the shape and bond angles of BF3?

Planar triangular

120 degrees bond angles

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What is the shape and bond angles when there are five groups of electrons around a centre atom?

Trigonal bipyramidal | 120 or 90 degrees bond angles

What is the shape when six groups of electrons around the central atom?

Octahedral

What are the group 1 metals called?

Alkali metals

What are the group 2 elements called?

The alkaline earth metals

What do group 2 elements form when they react with water?

A hydroxide and hydrogen

What is formed when the group 2 oxides and hydroxides react with acids?

Salts and water

What is formed when heating group 2 elements carbonates?

Oxides and CO2

How does group 2 element solubilities change?

Increases going down for hydroxides | Decreases going down for carbonates

What is the atomic number?

The number of protons

What are feedstocks?

Starting materials

What is the equilibrium bond length?

The balance between attractive and repulsive forces

What is used to separate crude oil?

Fractional distillation

What are compound without a benzene ring called?

Aliphatic

What do alkanes oxidise to?

Carbon dioxide and water

What is formed in alkane isomerisation?

Branched alkanes

What are the conditions for alkane isomerisation?

Pt/Al2O3 | 150 C

What are the products of alkane isomerisation used for?

Improve octane numbers

What is the feedstock for alkane isomerisation?

C4 - C6 alkanes

What is the feedstock for alkane reforming?

Naphtha

What is the product in alkane reforming?

Cyclic alkanes

What are the conditions for alkane reforming?

Pt/Al2O3 500 C Hydrogen recycled

What is the use of the alkane reforming products?

Improve octane number

What is the feedstock for alkane steam cracking?

Naphtha/kerosene

What are the products in alkane steam cracking?

Smaller alkanes and more molecules

What are the conditions for alkane steam cracking?

No catalyst 900C Steam as a diluent

What is the use of the products of alkane steam cracking?

Manufacture polymers

What is the feedstock of alkane catalytic cracking?

Gas oil

What is the product of alkane catalytic cracking?

``` More molecules Fewer carbon atoms Some unsaturated Some branched Some cyclic ```

What are the conditions for alkane catalytic cracking?

Zeolite | 500C

What are the products of alkane catalytic cracking used for?

Improving octane number

What is done with the fractional distillation residue?

Vacuum distilled

What does fuel contain more of in winter?

Volatile components

What is the octane number of a fuel?

Tendency to knock

What is knocking caused by?

Early auto-ignition

What is the difference between diesel and petrol?

Diesel has larger hydrocarbons

What decreases octane number?

Longer chain | Less branching

What does a low octane number represent?

High tendency to auto-ignite

What is chain isomerism?

Branching

What is position isomerism?

Differently positioned functional group

What is functional group isomerism?

Different functional groups

What is used to oxidise alcohols?

Acidified potassium dichromate (VI)

What is the colour change of dichromate in oxidation?

Orange to green

What are primary alcohols oxidised to?

Aldehydes then carboxylic acids

How is aldehyde extracted in alcohol oxidation?

Distillation

What are secondary alcohols oxidised to?

Ketones

What is the functional group of aldehydes?

-COH

What is the functional group of ketones?

Double bonded oxygen inside a chain

What are the conditions for alcohol dehydration?

Vapour of alcohol passed over hot catalyst of Al2O3 | 300C

What is formed in alcohol dehydration?

Alkene and water

What is the functional group of an ether?

R-O-R

What is a cetane number?

Higher number is greater ease of ignition under compression

What is entropy?

The amount of disorder in a system

What is evaporative emission?

Hydrocarbons lost as fumes from an engine

What is a photochemical reaction?

A reaction undergone when a molecule absorbs light energy

What is used to study pollutant effects?

Monitoring pollutants Studying individual reactions in the lab Modelling studies Smog chamber simulations

How are catalysts used in cars?

Speed up reactions breaking down pollutants

What is a homogenous catalysis reaction?

All reactants and catalyst in the same state

What is a heterogeneous catalysis?

Reactants and catalyst in different states

How do heterogeneous catalysts work?

Reactants adsorbed on | New bonds form

How does catalyst poisoning occur?

Active sites blocked

What is the catalyst in catalytic converters?

150C | Platinum alloyed with rhodium

What are other fuel possibilities?

Lower volatility hydrocarbons Ethanol Biodiesel Hydrogen