F-Design methods, Influences and Issues Flashcards
Iterative design?
-A circular set of steps a designer will follow to solve a problem, they may go backwards or forwards between steps.
-Consant evaluation is done to improve and refine the idea.
User centred design following the principles in the internationality standard?
An approach to design that ensures your product will be easy to use by consulting the users at every stage:
-The design takes full account of the users, the task they perform with the product and the environment it will be used in.
-Users are involved throughout the design and development process.
-The design should be refined by user-centred evaluation.
-The design process should be iterative.
-The design should consider the whole user experience.
-The design is developed by a multi-skilled team (eg. product designers, engineers and a sales/marketing team).
Methods to acheive user centred design?
Ergonomics-Products should be both easy and comfortable to use.
Anthropometric data-Ensures that the product fits the body sizes of the intended users.
-Observes users-See how people interact and use the product, where improvements can be made.
-Focus groups-Used to identify peoples opinions of the product, where can improvement be made.
Designing to meet the needs, wants and values of the consumers?
The physical needs-The product should closely match the sizes and strengths of the consumers as this will vary from person to person, so that they are likely to be more successful.
-Emotional needs-Finding out the consmers likes and dislikes can help the designers match the product to the consumers.
Intellectual needs-Products should match the intellectual level of the consumer.
Sociological needs-The product should account for the behaviours of the consumer, such as are they eco conscious.
Primary investigative techniques?
interviewing potential users-this investigates their needs and wants with regards to the product.
Focus groups-panels of potential users who represent the target market, used to obtain opinions of existing products and/or obtain feedback on prototypes.
Market research-Uses questionnaires and surveys, quatitative data is obtained so that the designers can make informed decisions whilst they are developing a product.
Evaluating existing products-This can identify useful materials, mechanisms and useful features that can be adapted for the new product.
Practical material-Used to identify what will be used for the product and how well it will work or last for.
Human factors (Ergonomics and anthropometrics)-Observning how a user interacts with a product and what issues they have in terms of comfort, as well as taking human body measurements directly from clients and potential uers.
Secondary investigative techniques?
Influences-Explore designers and design movements to identifying styling influences, which have been popular and good be used in the new product.
-Research into materials, components and construction techniques which have been successful previously.
-Obtain anhropometric data through the internet for relevant age groups and target markets.
The stages of a design development?
Sketches and models-Used in order to work out a solution to a design problem, annotated with critical and evaluative comments that explain how the they meet the specification.
Client/customer selection-The designs can be evaluated by potential customers to select a single design to develop further.
Final design proposal-Develop the aesthetics of the product, ensure it is the correct size and proportions.
Testing-Need to consider alternative materials and construction methods by testing different ones and selecting the most appropriate ones.
Scale and full sized models-Used to more easily evaluate the final design with your client and any possible customers.
Working drawings-They should show sufficient detail so that the product can be made easily.
Stages of prototype production?
Manufacture plan-A step-by-step detailing all the stages of the manufacture, including the tools and equipment used and quality control checks that will be carried out.
Manufacture-Using any suitable material or combination of materials and using any production methods such as rapid prototyping or using a combination of hand and machine tools.
Testing and evaluate-Done with your client and potential customers to enable improvements to be identified before the product is put into production.
Iterative improvements-From feedback small changes to the product features until it is perfect.
The arts and craft movement?
-Products are hand produced using traditional craft skills rather than industrial machinery.
-Has an appreciation of the natural beauty of materials and is keen to highlight the grain and unique features, which is often hidden by machine produced products.
The art deco movement?
-The use of simple geometric forms, with bold colours paired with blacks and chromes.
-Sunburst motifs, the product radiates from a central point.
-The use of stepped pyramid structures especially in architecture.
The modernism movement?
-Form follows function, the aesthetic appearance of the product is dictated by the way it looks.
-Keen to use modern machine based manufacturing processes and like the appearance of machine finishes and fabrication methods.
-The use of simple geometric shapes.
-Everyday products for everyday people, produced to be affordable for the whole population, why they were often machined for easy mass production to keep costs low.
The streamlining movement?
-The use of flowing curves and smooth exteriors with the heavy use of chrome detailing.
-Seen as a sign of modernity and the heavy use of materials like bakelite enabled these shapes.
The post-modernism (Memphis) movement?
-Bold, colourful and playful designs, the use of bright colours often those directly opposite on the colour wheel.
-Used geometric forms but there position would seem quite random and this was used to produce abstract designs.
-Challenging forms that often compromised on function, the aesthetics took precedence over functionality.
Philippe starck?
-Used post-modernism design, where aesthetics come before function.
-Aimed to enhance the experience of the user through through playful and thought provoking designs.
-Constantly experimenting with modern materials and manufacturing processes.
James Dyson?
-He heavily prototyped and analysed his designs to acheive the perfect outcome.
-Heavily used injection moulding to produce his products.
-Use of integral fittings to allow disassembly to aid maintenance.
Margaret Calvert?
-Worked to improve UK road signs.
-Worked for clear and inclusive design, a mix of upper and lower case lettering was easier to read at high speed.
Charles and Ray Eames?
-Created single form products using moulded timber and polymer.
-Had a modernist approach to their design.
Dieter Rams ten principles of good design?
-Is innovative, makes use of modern materials, technologies and approaches.
-Makes a product useful, addresses functionality to ensure that it solves a problem.
-Is aesthetic, create well-executed, beautiful products in accordance with form follows function.
-Makes a product understandable, the product should be intuitive with no elements that might cause confusion.
-Is unobtrusive, no features should be added purely for aesthetics.
-Is honest, not trying to deceive consumers (using wood veneers).
-Has longevity, will continue to be useful over a long period.
-Thorough down to the last detail, consider every element to ensure it functions well.
-Is environmentally friendly, uses sustainable materials and processes.
-Is as little design as possible, includes only essential elements in the design.
Socio-economic influences?
How society and the economy interact, and it enables designers to recognise more effective opportunities for the successful development and marketing of products.
New materials-Glulam?
-Several pieces of timber are glued together to create a strong composite.
-Stronger than solid timber as the natural defects found in solid wood can be eliminated, due to this has a high strength to weight ratio.
-Easy to form and shape.
-It is a sustainable material.
-Used for buildings, bridges and other structures.
New material-Kevlar?
-Made of fibres combined with resin.
-Good toughness and tensile strength, whilst also being lightweight.
-Used for bulletproof vests and puncture resistant tyres.
New materials-Precious metal clay?
-Made using precious metals like gold and silver bonded together using a pliable medium.
-It can be easily shaped by hand and then fired in an oven to make it set.
-Used for jewellery and decorative items.
New materials-Graphene?
-A 2D form of carbon with a honeycomb like atomic structure.
-Can be rolled into a tubular form and then has good tensile strength and hardness, combined with heat resistance and good electrical conductivity.
Advancements in CAD and CAM?
-Standardised file format, connects CAD and CAM processes for a wide range of software and hardware.
-3D printing, produce high quality components rapidly and at a fraction of the cost.
-Finite element analysis and computational fluid dynamics, simulate the impacts of decisions you make during the design phase so that improvements can be made.
-Cloud based CAD and CAM, software accessibility from any computer improves productivity and independence.
-Virtual reality systems, realistic appraisals of virtual designs in their intended environment.
