A-Materials, Characteristics and Uses Flashcards
1
Q
Mechanical properties-Compressive strength?
A
The ability of a material to withstand being crushed.
2
Q
Mechanical properties-Tensile strength?
A
The ability of a material to withstand stretching and pulling forces.
3
Q
Mechanical properties-Bending strength?
A
The ability of a material to withstand forces that may bend it.
4
Q
Mechanical properties-Shear strength?
A
The ability of a material to withstand sliding forces.
5
Q
Mechanical properties-Torsional strength?
A
The ability of a material to withstand twisting forces.
6
Q
Mechanical properties-Hardness?
A
The ability of a material to resist abrasive wear.
7
Q
Mechanical properties-Toughness?
A
The ability of a material to absorb impact forces without fractures.
8
Q
Mechanical properties-Plasticity?
A
The ability of a material to be permanently deformed and then retain the new shape.
9
Q
Mechanical properties-Ductility?
A
The ability of a material to be drawn out under tension.
10
Q
Mechanical properties-Malleability?
A
The ability of a material to be deformed by compression.
11
Q
Mechanical properties-Elasticity?
A
The ability of a material to be deformed and return to its original shape.
12
Q
What is a ferrous metal?
A
-A metal containing mostly carbon and iron, they are magnetic and will rust.
-Low carbon steel, mild steel, and cast iron.
13
Q
What is a non-ferrous metal?
A
-A metal that does not contain iron, they aren’t magnetic and will not rust.
-Aluminium, zinc, copper, gold, titanium, and tin.
14
Q
What is an alloy?
A
-A material made up of two or more elements, where one of which must be a metal. They can be ferrous or non-ferrous.
-Stainless steel, bronze, pewter, and brass.
15
Q
What is a hardwood?
A
-A wood from a deciduous tree, they are slow growing and will lose their leaves.
-Oak, ash, mahogany, teak, birch, and beech.
16
Q
What is a softwood?
A
-A wood from a coniferous tree, they are fast growing and tend to be evergreen.
-Spruce, pine, Douglas fir, redwood, cedar, and larch.
17
Q
What is a manufactured board?
A
-A wood made by humans, it is a composite and can come in larger sizes than hard or soft woods.
-Plywood, MDF, chipboard, aeroply, and marine ply.
18
Q
What is a thermoplastic?
A
-A polymer that can repeatedly be reheated and reshaped, making them easier to recycle.
-HDPE, PP, HIPS, and PET.
19
Q
What is a thermosetting polymer?
A
-A polymer that when heated undergoes a chemical change so that it can’t be reshaped.
-Urea formaldehyde, polyester resin, and epoxy resin.
20
Q
What is an elastomer?
A
-At room temperature, these polymers can be deformed under pressure and return to their original shape.
-Rubber, neoprene, and silicone.
21
Q
What are papers and boards?
A
-Are compliant materials that can be scored, folded, and cut with basic tooling to form items such as nets and packaging.
-Mount board, duplex card, laminated card, metal effect card, and moulded paper pulp.
22
Q
What are composites?
A
-A material with two or more different materials, the new material will have enhanced properties.
-Carbon fibre reinforced plastic, fibreglass, concrete, and fibre cement.
23
Q
What are smart materials?
A
-A material whose physical properties change in response to an input or changes to the environment like electricity, pressure, temperature, and light.
-Thermochromic pigment, thermochromic film, and photochromic pigment.
24
Q
What are modern materials?
A
-A material that has been developed through the invention of new processes.
-Kevlar, Precious metal clay, and high-density modelling foam.
25
Workshop test-Tensile strength?
-Clamp the sample material into a vice and apply a load to the other end.
-You can see how much the material deflects.
-The less deflection under the load, the higher the tensile strength the material has.
26
Workshop test-Toughness?
-Material samples are clamped into a vice and are then hit with a force using a hammer.
-Tough materials will absorb the impact, whereas brittle material will bend or shatter.
27
Workshop test-Hardness?
-Abrasive wear can be tested by running a file over the surface of the material and the one with the fewest scratches in the hardest.
-Surface indentation can be tested by placing a centre punch on the material and hitting it with a hammer, the shallower the indent the harder the material.
28
Workshop test-Malleability or ductility?
-Clamp the material into a vice and attempt to bend the material to 90 degrees.
-Cracks or any damage to the surface of the outside of the material indicates a lack of ductility.
-Whereas damage or cracks to the inside of the bend shows a lack of malleability.
29
Workshop test-Corrosion?
-Material can be placed outside where they will be exposed to environmental factors like the sun and rain.
-Leave them for an extended period of time, after which the material can be inspected for signs of corrosion.
30
Workshop test-Electrical conductivity?
-It can be tested using a multimeter.
-Place the probes at a set distance on the material whilst passing a current through it and record the resistance.
-The higher the resistance the lower the conductivity.
31
Workshop test-Thermal conductivity?
-It can be tested using a thermometer.
-Place the thermometer at one end of the material and light a Bunsen burner at the other end.
-Then record the time it takes for the temperature to reach a set point.
-The shorter the time the higher the thermal conductivity.
32
Industrial test-Tensile strength?
-The test piece is held in clamps at each end of the material in the tensometer.
-One clamp is fixed and the other moves, putting the piece under tension.
-As it is stretched the distance the clamped moved is measured.
-The smaller the distance the greater the tensile strength.
33
Industrial test-Toughness (Izod impact test)?
-A notch is cut into the test piece and put into a vice.
-A pendulum is then released to strike the material.
-The energy absorbed is calculated by how far the pendulum swings after impact.
-The toughest materials will absorb the greatest impact.
34
Industrial test-Hardness (Rockwell test)?
-A diamond indenter breaks through the surface of the material.
-An additional load then applied for a set time.
-The distance between the first and second load is measured.
-The smaller the distance the harder the material.
35
Industrial test-Hardness (Brinell test)?
-A steel ball is forced into the material.
-The diameter of the indent is measured.
-The smaller the diameter the harder the material.
36
Industrial test-Hardness (Vickers pyramid test)?
-Use a diamond squared-based pyramid to indent the surface of the material.
-A microscope can then be used to measure the size of the indent.
-The smaller the indent the harder the material.
37
Industrial test-Malleability/Ductility?
-The material is placed into a bending machine.
-A load is added to the centre of the material and pressed down to a set angle or until the material breaks.
-The piece is then inspected, marks on the outside of the bend mean a lack of ductility, and marks on the inside show a lack of malleability.
38
Non-destructive test-Ultrasonic?
-A transducer generates sound waves, which travel through the material.
-If there are any defects the sound waves will be partially deflected.
39
Non-destructive test-X-ray?
-An X-ray beam passes through the material and an image is projected on the screen.
-The image will show any voids or hairline cracks on the material that you couldn't see with the naked eye.
40
Industrial test-Corrosion (Salt spray test)?
-The sample is placed in a controlled environment for a set period of time.
-After this, you can check the material/product for any degrading or if the product isn't functioning correctly.
41
Industrial test-Electrical conductivity?
-Four wires are stretched parallel across a non-conductive polymer and connected to copper terminal blocks.
-Leads are attached to the wires, the outer leads are connected to a precise current, and the inner leads will measure the voltage.
-The resistance can then be calculated.
42
Industrial test-Thermal conductivity?
-The test piece is placed between two temperature-controlled plates.
-The temperature is increased at a controlled rate and the heat flow through the material is measured by a heat flow metre.
-As the material is heated the sensors can record the thermal conductivity rate.
43
Explain air seasoning?
-It is an inexpensive method, done by stacking wood in a shelter where the air can circulate between the wood to remove moisture slowly.
-Used for outdoor wooden products, where the wood can be seasoned to the same moisture level as outside.
44
Explain kiln seasoning?
-It is a more expensive method, but it is more controlled and quicker than air seasoning.
-Planks are stacked and placed in a kiln, where the temperature and humidity can be controlled.
-It is initially steam but the kiln gets drier and hotter to remove the moisture.
-Used for indoor furniture, where the wood can be seasoned to meet indoor conditions.
45
Paper and Board-Layout paper?
-Thin, translucent paper with a smooth surface.
-Used for sketching, tracing and technical drawings.
46
Paper and Board-Cartridge paper?
-An off-white paper with a textured surface.
-Used for sketching and rendering in pencil.
47
Paper and Board-Tracing paper?
-Translucent paper that is slightly thicker than layout paper.
-Used to copy images whilst sketching.
48
Paper and Board-Bleed-proof paper?
-It is similar to cartridge paper but has a bleed-proof layer so that colours don't run.
-Used for spirit based maker rendering.
49
Paper and Board-Treated paper?
-Plain paper with a clear binder layer applied to help hold the image on the surface and brighten it.
-Used for photographic printing.
50
Paper and Board-Watercolour paper?
-It is an absorbent paper that can be smooth or textured.
-Used for water colouring.
51
Paper and Board-Corrugated card?
It has a corrugated inner layer giving the material a level of protection against impact.
-Used for protective packaging, model making and food packaging.
52
Paper and Board-Bleached card?
-It is chemically treated paper to brighten the surface to make it suitable for high- quality printing.
-Used for greetings and birthday cards.
53
Paper and Board-Mount board?
-A board made from compressed cotton fibres to produce a rigid board.
-Used for presenting artwork.
54
Paper and Board-Duplex card?
-It is made up of layers with the exterior coated to make it water-resistant and give it a glossy feel.
-Food packaging (Milk cartons) and disposable cups.
55
Paper and Board-Laminated card?
-A card with a polymer film to make it water resistant and/or heat resistant.
-Used for take-away lids.
56
Paper and Board-Metal effect card?
-High qualty card with a thin metal layer to enhance the aesthetics.
-Gift boxes and business cards.
57
Paper and Board-Moulded paper pulp?
-Recycled paper pulp that is moulded when wet and dried into a specific shape.
-Used for packaging products and egg boxes.
58
Polymer-based Sheet and Film-Foam board?
-Two outer layers of card with a foam core.
-Used for mood board backing, presentation boards and modelling.
59
Polymer-based Sheet and Film-Fluted PP sheet?
-Sheet with fluting inside, it is lightweight and easily bent along the flutes.
-Used for estate agent signs and portfolio cases.
60
Polymer-based Sheet and Film-Translucent PP sheet?
-A tough polymer sheet that is near impossible to tear and is water resistant. It can be scored and then bent.
-Used for folders and boxes.
61
Polymer-based Sheet and Film-Styrofoam?
-A dense foam that can be cut shaped and sanded using workshop tools.
-Used for modelling.
62
Polymer-based Sheet and Film-LDPE sheet?
-A thermoplastic that is tough, transparent and flexible. It has a good chemical and corrosion resistance.
-Used for food wrapping and bubble wrap.
63
Polymer-based Sheet and Film-Plastazote?
-It is tough, flexible and impermeable to liquids. Also, has a good impact resistance.
-Used for protective packaging, swimming floats and exercise mats.
64
Polymer-based Sheet and Film-Cellulose acetate?
-It is transparent tough and naturally biodegradable.
-Used for packaging and photographic film.
65
Polymer-based Sheet and Film-Polylactide?
-It is transparent tough and naturally biodegradable.
-Used for biodegradable packaging film.
66
Hardwoods-Oak?
-Hard, tough, attractive grain, and good weather resistance.
-Used for furniture and flooring.
67
Hardwoods-Ash?
-Tough, attractive open grain, and good flexibility.
-Used for tool handles and ladders.
68
Hardwoods-Mahogany?
-Can be difficult to work with and has a rich dark colour.
-Indoor furniture, cabinet, and a commonly used veneer.
69
Hardwoods-Teak?
-Hard, tough, straight grain, and resists moisture.
-Used for outdoor furniture and boat decks.
70
Hardwoods-Birch?
-Hard, straight closed grain, and it resists warping.
-Used for furniture and as a veneer.
71
Hardwoods-Beech?
-Tough, closed grain, hard, and does not impart a taste on food.
-Chairs, chopping boards and bowls.
72
Softwoods-Pine?
-A straight grained wood that contains knots.
-Used for construction work and interior joinery.
73
Softwoods-Spruce?
-A straight grained wood with good splitting resistance.
Used for interior furniture.
74
Softwoods-Douglas fur?
A straight grained wood with very few knots and corrosion resistance.
-Used for veneers and plywood.
75
Softwoods-Larch?
-A hard, tough wood with an attractive grain, and is moisture resistant.
-Used for garden furniture and deckings.
76
Softwoods-Cedar?
-It can corrode ferrous metals, has a straight grain, sound dampening and is moisture resistance.
-Used for exterior cladding and sheds.
77
Manufactured board-Plywood?
-Thin layers glued at 90 degrees to each other, has good strength and no grain weakness. It is impact, water and chemical resistant.
-Used for indoor furniture and floorboards.
78
Manufactured board-Chipboard?
-Wood chips compressed with resin. It is cheap and good for veneering.
-Used for flatpack furniture.
79
Manufactured board-MDF?
-Compressed wood fibres, with smooth surfaces. It is cheap and good for veneering.
-Used for furniture and cabinets.
80
Non-Ferrous metals-Aluminium?
-Lightweight, high strength to weight ratio, ductile, malleable ,and corrosion resistant.
-Used for pots, pans, cans, and bike frames.
81
Non-Ferrous metals-Copper?
-Ductile, malleable, a good conductor that is also tough and corrosion resistant.
-Used for plumbing supplies, cables and wires.
82
Non-Ferrous metals-Zinc?
-Low melting point, and a good resistance to corrosion.
-Used for protective coatings, dustbins and buckets.
83
Non-Ferrous metals-Silver?
-Malleable, ductile, and corrosion resistant.
-Used for jewellery, cutlery and plating other metals.
84
Non-Ferrous metals-Gold?
-Malleable, ductile, and corrosion resistant.
-Used for jewellery and electronic components.
85
Non-Ferrous metals-Titanium?
-Hardness, with a good strength to weight ratio, and a high corrosion resistance.
-Used for hip replacements, golf clubs, and aircrafts.
86
Non-Ferrous metals-Tin?
-Soft, malleable, ductile, a good conductor and corrosion resistant.
-Used for tin cans and as a protective coating.
87
Ferrous metals-Low carbon steel?
-Tough, ductile and a high tensile strength.
-Used for nuts and bolts and washers.
88
Ferrous metals-Medium carbon steel?
-Malleable and tough, it is harder than low-carbon but less ductile.
-Springs and gardening tools.
89
Ferrous metals-Cast iron?
-Hard but brittle, can be easily cast but hard to machine and has a high compression strength.
-Used for machine parts and pans.
90
Ferrous Alloy-Stainless steel?
-Tough, hard and corrosion resistant.
-Used for cutlery and kitchenware.
91
Ferrous Alloy-High speed steel?
-Hard, tough and high level of resistance to frictional heat.
-Used for tool blades and drill bits.
92
Ferrous Alloy-Die steel?
-Hard and tough.
-Used for extruder dies.
93
Non-Ferrous Alloy-Bronze?
-Tough, corrosion resistant and can be easily cast.
-Used for statues and coins.
94
Non-Ferrous Alloy-Brass?
-Corrosion resistant and a good thermal and electrical conductor, has a low melting point and casts well.
-Used for furniture fixings and instruments.
95
Non-Ferrous Alloy-Pewter?
-Malleable with a low melting point and casts well.
-Used for flasks and trophies.
96
Thermoplastic-Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)?
-Very tough, good chemical resistance, weather resistance.
-Squeezy detergent bottles, toys, and carrier bags.
97
Thermoplastic-High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)?
-Very tough, good chemical resistance, weather resistance.
-Chemical drums, long life carrier bags, and buckets.
98
Thermoplastic-Polypropelene (PP)?
-Good chemical resistance, toughness, and good fatigue resistance.
-Food containers, folders, and hinged container lids.
99
Thermoplastic-High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS)?
-Hard, rigid, and good toughness.
-Single-use drinks cups, toilet seats, and yogurt pots.
100
Thermoplastic-Acrylonitrile Butadine Styrene (ABS)?
-Extremely tough, and hard.
-Rigid luggage, remote control casings, and computer hosings.
101
Thermoplastic-Polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA)?
-Tough, hard, and has a good chemical resistance.
-Car light casings, lighting covers, and baths.
102
Thermoplastic-Nylon?
-Tough, corrosion and temperature resistant, and a low coefficient of friction.
-Microwave meal food packaging, gears, and in textiles.
103
Thermoplastic-Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC)?
-Rigid, tough, hard, good weathering and chemical resistance, and is fire retardent.
-Window frames, guttering, and external doors.
104
Thermoplastic-Flexible Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)?
-Tough, flexible, good weathering and chemical resistance.
-Hose pipes, inflatable products, and seat coverings.
105
Thermoset polymer-Urea Formaldehyde?
-Hard, heat resistant, good electrical insulator and brittle.
-Used for electrical fittings and adhesives.
106
Thermoset polymer-Melamine Formaldehyde?
-Hard, tough, heat resistant, food safe, and chemical resistant.
-Used for decorative laminates and picnic ware.
107
Thermoset polymer-Polyester Resin?
-Rigid, heat resistant, chemical resistant, and brittle.
-Used in lay-up processes for GRP, car parts, and seats.
108
Thermoset polymer-Epoxy Resin?
-Rigid, clear, hard, tough, and chemical resistant.
-Used for adhesives, lay-up processes for CFRP, and encapsulation of electrical components.
109
Elastomer-natural rubber?
-High tensile strength, good hardness. Is tough, an electrical insulator and good cold resistance.
-Used for tyres and hoses.
110
Elastomer-Neoprene?
-Good thermal, oil and chemical resistance and good weather and abrasion resistance and toughness.
-Used for wet suits and shock absorbers.
111
Elastomer-Silicone?
-Good flexibility at low temperatures, poor abrasion but good thermal, weather and extreme weather resistance.
-Flexible ice cube trays, fridge seals.
