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PID > Eysenck's PEN Model / Gray's RST Model > Flashcards

Eysenck's PEN Model / Gray's RST Model Flashcards

1
Q

what 3 domains make up eyseneck’s PEN theory

A

psychoticism

extraversion

neuroticism

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2
Q

what does eyseneck’s PEN theory assume

A

the 3 domains can be used to describe the entire population

domains are not influenced by one another (being high in one does not make you high / low in another)

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3
Q

what 4 sources of evidence support eysenck’s PEN theory

A

psychometric evidence

biological basis

theoretically plausible

predictive of social issues

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4
Q

how did eysenck describe introverts and extroverts

A

intro - prefers spending time alone, in predictable contexts and are well-ordered

extro - prefers excitement and stimulation, talkative, externally driven

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5
Q

how did eysenck describe people who are neurotic

A

emotionally unstable, anxious, fearful, tense, moody, irritable, depressed, poor sleep

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6
Q

how did eysenck describe someone who is emotionally stable

A

even tempered, quick to return to equilibrium after stressful event, calm

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7
Q

how did eysenck describe psychopaths

A

aggressive, cold, lacking empathy, creative

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8
Q

how did eysenck describe someone sociable

A

unselfish, sympathetic, cooperative, conventional

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9
Q

what is the key assumption of the biological basis of PEN

A

personality traits reflect individual differences in brain function

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10
Q

what 4 brain regions are associated with eysenck’s PEN theory

A

reticular formation (networks of nuclei in the brainstem)

ARAS (ascending pathways to cortex)

cortex (outermost layer of the brain)

limbic system (deep brain structure)

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11
Q

how does the limbic system relate to neuroticism

A

it controls response to emotional stimuli

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12
Q

how does the reticulo-cortical circuit relate to extraversion

A

controls cortical arousal generated by incoming stimuli

this system is more aroused in introverts than extraverts

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13
Q

how does the ARAS relate to extraversion

A

people low in extraversion display higher levels of activity in ARAS (too much is let in)

people high in extraversion display lower levels of activity in ARAS cause them to seek situations with high stimulation

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14
Q

what is the relationship between performance and arousal

A

performance improves as arousal increases, but decreases when it becomes too high

arousal has an optimal level which is different for tasks and different people

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15
Q

how does the limbic system relate to neuroticism

A

it regulates the sympathetic nervous system, which is in charge of fight or flight

according to eysenck, people high in neuroticism display hypersensitivity in the SNS

increased activation of limbic system is needed to regulate this response

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16
Q

what brain areas explain neuroticism

A

in the original PEN model, underspecified biological basis

in recent years, amygdala

17
Q

what questionnaires are used to measure eysenck’s PEN theory

A

EPI

EPQ

EPQ-R

Short-scale EPQ-R

18
Q

what is contained in the short-scale EPQ-R

A

12 items for each domain

12 items which measure whether the questionnaire has been answered truthfully

19
Q

what did eysenck find from his questionnaire

A

good internal consistency for extraversion and neuroticism

questionable internal consistency for psychoticism

20
Q

what is gray’s reinforcement sensitivity theory

A

argues that differences in personality stems from the extent to which people respond to rewards and punishment

gray thought PEN lacked support

21
Q

what are the key principles of gray’s RST

A

some people are highly sensitive to positive R

some people are highly sensitive to negative R

people learn faster when there are aversive / pleasant stimuli depending on their sensitivity

22
Q

what are the biological components of gray’s RST

A

behavioural activation system
(sensitivity to rewards and pleasant stimuli)
dopamine

behavioural inhibition system
(sensitivity to punishment and aversive stimuli)
noradrenaline and serotonin

fight-flight system
unconditioned fear and responses

23
Q

what are the 3 subscales of BAS in RST

A

reward responsiveness

drive

fun seeking

24
Q

what revisions were made to gray’s RST by gray & mcnaughton

A

BAS largely unchanged

Fight-flight-freeze system
global avoidance and escape system - sensitive to conditioned and unconditioned stimuli

BIS - conflict resolution between FFFS and BAS

25
Q

what did costa and mccrae find regarding PEN’s temporal stability

A

extraversion and neuroticism stable over time periods ranging from 6-30 years

did not examine psychoticism

26
Q

what did srivastava find regarding PEN’s temporal stability

A

neuroticism showed substantial cross-sectional age differences in women but not in men

27
Q

what did carver and white find regarding the temporal stability of the RST model

A

the test-retest reliability of the BIS-BAS questionnaires after 8 weeks was “acceptable” but not “good”

28
Q

what did gosling and john find regarding similarity across species in Eysneck’s PEN theory

A

many of 12 animal species showed extravert and neurotic behaviour

29
Q

what did gray find regarding the similarity of species of Gray’s RST

A

rats have separate systems controlling their behaviour in reaction to rewarding and punishing stimuli

30
Q

what are 3 challenges faced when observing similarities across species

A

inter-rater reliability

are some personality traits easier to observe

are some species easier to observe

31
Q

what did caruso et al find regarding cross-cultural evidence for eysenck’s PEN theory

A

median internal consistency was “good” for extraversion

“acceptable for neuroticism

“questionable” for psychoticism

32
Q

what did plomin et al find regarding support for hereditary contributions to PEN theory

A

heritability accounts for 51% of extraversion and 46% for neuroticism

psychoticism was not measured

33
Q

what did takahashi et al find regarding genetic contributions for RST

A

during childhood and adolescence, stable genetic influences on BIS and BAS

34
Q

what type of brain structures can be linked to specific behaviours / traits

A

cortical thickness - gray matter

volume - surface area

gyrification - folding of cortex

35
Q

what did wright et al find regarding structural brain measures as an explanation for personality traits

A

extraversion was negatively correlated with cortical thickness in Pre-FC

neuroticism was negatively correlated with cortical thickness in Orbito-FC

36
Q

what did barros-loscertales et al find regarding functional brain measures explaining personality traits

A

appetitive pictures would activate BAS related regions

aversive pictures would activate BIS-FFFS structures

PID (8 decks)

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