Eyjafjallajokull - Icelandic volcano Flashcards
Stratovolcanos are characterised by a _____ profile and are ____ on the VEI scale, but low on frequency.
Steep high
Eyjafjallajokull is a _____________\ _________ volcano
Stratovolcano/composite
Eyjafjallajokull has a collapsed crater called a caldera that is _._km wide and the height of the volcano is ____meters tall.
2.5km wide and 1666 meters tall.
The lava produced by eyjafjallajokull is _________ lava which is high in silica content and has a high viscosity (thick and sticky) but has a low eruption temperature of less than ___*c. This means the lava cools and hardens before spreading far, giving the stratovolcano it’s characteristic steep sides.
Rhyolitic 750*c
If the volcano had been on a lower latitude without a glacier on top of it the spreading of ash would have been less _______. The fact that a glacier sits on top of the volcano meant that the heat from the eruption melted some of the glacier and evaporated some and this increased the ___ ________ leading to dramatic worldwide disruption.
Dramatic air moisture
Iceland was prepared for the eruption due to the many ___ _________ earthquakes which served as a warning.
Low magnitude
____ ____ equipment was used to predict eruptions.
High tech
Iceland had a good warning system with texts being sent to residents giving them a __ minute warning.
30 minute
The emergency services were ____ ________.
We’ll prepared.
The location if the volcano - directly below the ____ ______ made it impossible to prevent travel disruptions however allowing aircraft to travel may have meant deaths resulting from aircraft failure.
Gulf Stream
Between March _rd to March _th 2010 over ____ small (most less than 2 on the Richter scale) earthquakes occurred, acting as a pre warning of the larger immanent eruption.
3rd to the 5th 3000 smaller eruptions
On the __th April ____ Eyjafjallajokull’s main eruption occurred in the form of a fissure vent with lava flows more dominant on the west.
19th April 2010
Eyjafjallajokull is located on a divergent plate boundary on the southern region of Iceland where the North American plates moving ____ and the Eurasian plate is moving ____ at the ___ ________ _____.
West east mid Atlantic ridge.
The major environmental problems caused by the volcano was the volcanic ash that reached _____ meters into the air! high enough to reach into the ___________ and be distributed by high velocity jet streams.
11000 meters stratosphere
The ash was very fine ground 24% of the sample was under __um - no bigger than aerosol partials
10um
Britain had very fine ____________ weather for a lot of the time the ash cloud existed and this was problematic as _____ would have helped to disperse the ash cloud better.
Anticyclonic wind
The volcano is covered by the ___ meter thick Eyjafjallajokull glacier. When the volcano erupted the glacier melted and this caused a flood on the 14th April when an eruption partly melted the glacier meaning that ___ people had to be evacuated.
150 meter 700
The flood also destroyed parts of the main route _ road and other roads were bulldozed to allow the flash flood to reach the sea.
1
The volcano emitted lava from a ___ meter long fissure vent, spewing ___ m into the air.
500 meter 150 meter
When dust meets with high winds, it travels into ________ air space.
European
Effects on river water - a flow meter device in the ______ glacial river - the total water temperature rose by _*c + and there was a sudden increase in water level.
Krossa 6*c+
The volcano released approximately . million tonnes of ___ every day, but the massive reduction of air travel occurring over European skies caused by the ash cloud saved an estimated . to . million tonnes of ___ from entering the atmosphere by April.
0.15 tonnes of co2 1.3 to 2.8 million tonnes of co2
Air travel and transport throughout the world was cancelled due to air space restrictions and the _____________ air space association (IATA) estimated the airline industry would loose £___ million per day as a result.
International £130 million
IATA stated the total loss for the airline industry was around . billion
1.1 billion
_____,___ and other transport companies were grounded throughout much of Europe. _____ cancelled more than __ flights and instead they had to transport packages to alternate destinations then ship by road to the final destination.
FedEx DHL FedEx 100
Travel firm owner TUI owner of first choice and Thompson say they are loosing _ to _ million per day due to the airspace closure due to travellers being unable to return home.
5-6 million.
No ______ - this was due to accurate monitoring of the volcano and appropriate ___________.
Deaths preperation
The volcano erupted in ___ ______ holidays in the UK meaning UK school children and holiday goers were stranded abroad in foreign countries.
Mid Easter
Machinery parts can’t get to factories, ____ sellers can’t transport their goods and businesses are finding it increasingly difficult to conduct.
Food
500 farmers and their families from the areas of __________ and __________ were evacuated overnight ( including a group of school children and their _ teachers )
Fljotshillo Eyjafjoll 3
Most of Iceland outside of the _________ area is sparsely populated and the largest city in the area surrounding Vic I Myrdal at fewer than ___ people is the largest city within 70 km of the volcano.
Reykjavik 300
As the area was so ________ populated the primary social impacts were rather minimal and were predominately _____ ____ impacts.
Sparsely short term
The rise in temperature in rivers is having a massive effect on ____ as they cannot cope with the change in environment and some if them are dying. This affects breeding patterns and reduces ____________.
Fish biodiversity
High ________ eruptions pose a treat to livestock, especially _____. At a diet with a ________ content of over 250ppm death can occur within a few days.
Fluoride sheep fluoride
The reduction in flights means that co2 is emitted less meaning the effects of ______ _______ are minimised.
Global warming
Perishable goods like _____ and _______ are rotting.
Fruit flowers
The Icelandic ____ and ________ authority told all horse owners who keep their horses outside to be on the look out for ash fall. Where there is significant ash fall horses must be sheltered inside so that their health is no affected.
Food and veterinary association.
Increased use of other modes of transport such as ______ and _____ meant that the atmosphere was ________ further.
Trains boats polluted
The heavy ash fall ____________ local water supplies and farmers near the volcano were warned not to let their livestock drink from water which could be ____________
Contaminated contaminated
________ and _____ _____ grown in _____ couldn’t be transported to the UK meaning they rotted and Kenyan farmers lost out on money. Over _ million Kenyan _______ were unsold in the first 2 days of the ash cloud.
Bananas and fresh flowers Kenya 1 million flowers
