Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

EOR Exam - Family Medicine > Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat > Flashcards

Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat Flashcards

1
Q

What condition typically precedes sinusitis?

A

URI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What S/S are associated with sinusitis?

A

Purulent nasal discharge, nasal obstruction, fever, pain to palpation over sinuses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the recommended treatment for the initial presentation of sinusitis?

A

NSAIDs for pain, saline washes, steam, oral/nasal decongestents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When are abx indicated for the treatment of sinusitis?

A

Extended duration (10-14 days) or severe symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What abx are indicated for use in sinusitis?

A

Amoxicillin or doxycycline 1st line
Augmentin if refractory to amoxicillin
Fluoroquinolones if recent abx use or treatment failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the S/S of allergic rhinitis?

A

Cyanosis below the eyes, rhinorrhea, itchy or watery eyes, sneezing, nasal congestion, dry cough, pale/boggy/bluish mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define and describe aphthous ulcers.

A

Painful, round ulcers with yellow-gray centers and red halos that occur on buccal or labial areas and are usually recurrent –> thought to be caused by HSV 6.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is used in the management of aphthous ulcers?

A

Corticosteroids for pain relief

Cimetidine for maintenance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define blepharitis.

A

Chronic inflammation of eyelid margins caused by seborrhea, staph, or strep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the S/S associated with blepharitis?

A

Red rims, adherent eyelashes, dandruff like deposits (scurf) and fibrous scales (collarettes), thick cloudy discharge visible when Meibomian glands obstructed (posterior blepharitis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the treatment of blepharitis.

A

Lid scrubs with diluted baby shampoo on cotton tipped swabs –> topical abx if infection suspected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define cholesteatoma.

A

Squamous epithelium trapped within the skull base that can erode structures within the temporal bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What S/S are associated with cholestatoma?

A

Painless ear drainage, conductive hearing loss, dizziness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the most common pathogens associated with viral and bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Viral: adenovirus
Bacterial: Strep pneumo and staph aureus (G/C rare)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are S/S associated with viral conjunctivitis?

A

Unilateral or bilateral erythema of conjunctiva, copious watery discharge, tender pre-auricular lymphadenopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is used in the treatment of viral conjunctivitis?

A

NS eye lavage, antihistamine drops, warm then cool compress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the S/S associated with bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Purulent discharge from both eyes –> “glued” shut in the morning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Topical abx (drops) –> sulfonamides, quinolones, aminoglycosides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When are PO abx indicated for bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Only for rare pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the most common cause of a corneal abrasion?

A

Minor trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are S/S associated with corneal abrasion and how is it diagnosed?

A

S/S: pain, foreign body sensation, photophobia, tearing, injection, blepharospasm, blurred vision
Dx: slit lamp with fluorescein –> clear cornea with epithelial defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the appropriate use of topical anesthetics for corneal abrasions.

A

For diagnosis only –> do not prescribe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the treatment for corneal abrasions.

A

NS irrigation, abx ointment (gentamicin or sulfactamide), APAP for pain, patch for no more than 24 hours if large abrasion (5-10 mm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define dacrocystitis.

A

Inflammation of the lacrimal sac caused by obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Describe the S/S and treatment for dacrocystitis.
S/S; pain, swelling, tenderness, redness, tearing, may have purulent discharge Tx: systemic abx and warm compresses
26
Differentiate entropion from extroption.
En: lid and lashes are turned in Ect: edge of eyelid everts
27
What is the treatment of entropion and ectropion?
Surgical repair if trauma, excessive tearing, expousure keratitis, cosmetic distress
28
What is the most common source of anterior and posterior epistaxis?
Ant: kiesselbach plexus Post: woodruff plexus
29
What are risk factors for epistaxis?
Trauma, dryness, HTN, cocaine, ETOH
30
Describe the treatment for epistaxis.
Ant: direct pressure, lean forward, topical anesthetics and decongestants, packing Post: admit and refer
31
Define glaucoma.
increased IOP with optic nerve damage s/p impediment to the flow of aqueous humor through trabecular meshwork
32
Describe the S/S of angle closure glaucoma.
painful loss of vision, N/V, diaphoresis, circumlimbal injection, steamy cornea, fixed mid-dilated pupil, decreased visual acuity, tearing, anterior chamber narrowed, IOP acutely elevated
33
What is the treatment for angle closure glaucoma?
Refer, IV carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, diuresis, topical BB
34
What medication is contraindicated in angle closure glaucoma?
Mydriatics (pupil dilators)
35
What are the S/S associated with open angle glaucoma?
Increased IOP, defects in peripheral visual field, increased cup to disc ratio --> asymptomatic until late in disease.
36
Describe the pharmacological treatment for open angle glaucoma.
Dec aqueous production: topical BBs and CAIs | Inc outflow: PGs, cholinergics, alpha agonists, epi
37
Define hordeolum.
AKA stye --> small, mildly painful nodule or pustule within gland of upper/lower eyelid
38
Differentiate between internal and external hordeolum.
Int: infection/inflammation of Meibomian gland Ext: glands of Moll or Zeis
39
What is the most common cause of hordeolum?
Staph Aureus
40
What is the hallmark S/S of hordeolum?
Painful, indurated area of eyelid
41
State the treatment for hordeolum including when I&D is indicated.
Warm compress --> I&D if no resolution in 48 hours
42
Define hyphema.
Blood inside the anterior chamber of the eye
43
T/F: Hyphema is always noted on inspection of the eye.
False: May not be visible if small.
44
What is the treatment of hyphema?
Steroid drops, patch, bed rest, limited eye movement, check eye pressure daily
45
What are the clinical features of labyrinthitis?
Acute severe vertigo, hearing loss --> Vertigo progressively improves but hearing loss may not resolve.
46
What is the treatment of labyrinthitis?
Abx if fever | Lorazepam/clonazepam (vestibular suppressants)
47
What condition typically precedes laryngitis?
URI
48
What is the hallmark S/S of laryngitis?
Hoarseness
49
What is the treatment for laryngitis?
Supportive, eryhtromycin or augmentin if bacterial cause suspected, steroids may speed recovery.
50
Differentiate between wet and dry macular degeneration.
Wet: neovascular degeneration --> hemorrhage and fibrosis Dry: Drusen deposits --> degenerative atrophy
51
What is the key clinical feature of macular degeneration?
Gradual loss of central vision
52
How is macular degeneration diagnosed?
Amsler grid --> wavy or distorted vision (metamorphosia)
53
Define and list another name for Meniere Disease.
Endolymphatic hydrops --> distension of inner ear’s endolymphatic compartment
54
What are the common S/S of Meniere Disease?
Vertigo, lower range haering loss, tinnitus, one sided aural pressure, nystagmus on impaired side.
55
What is the treatment for Meniere Disease?
1st line: diuretics and low Na diet | If refractory: intratympanic corticosteroid therapy, surgery
56
What is the Samter triad?
AKS asthma triad --> Asthma with nasal polyps = do not take ASA
57
What is the treatment for nasal polyps?
1st line: 3 months topical corticosteroid | 2nd line: PO steroids, surgery
58
What is the medical term for swimmer's ear?
otitis externa
59
What is the recommended treatment for otitis externa?
abx drops (aminoglycoside or quinolone) +/- steroid and avoid moisture
60
What is the risk of otitis externa in DM or immunocompromised patients?
malignant otits externa --> nectrotizing infection --> hospitalization with IV abx
61
WHat patients typically get otitis media and what are the most common causative pathogens?
Infants --> strep pneumo, h flu, Moraxella, strep | pyogenes
62
What are the first line abx for otitis media?
amoxicillin, cephalosporin, bactrim, z-pack
63
What is the treatment of recurrent otitis media?
tympanostomy, tymapnocentesis, myringotomy
64
What is the treatment for chronic otitis media?
Removal of infected debris, avoid water exposure, topical abx drops; surgery (TM repair)
65
What are common causes of papilledema and what is seen on physical exam?
Cause: increased ICP PE: swollen disc, blurred margins, obliteration of vessels
66
Differentiate between bacterial and viral parotitis.
Bacterial: caused by staph aureus and anaerobes and seen in post-op eldery patients or those with poor oral hygiene. Viral: caused by paramyxovirus (mumps), EBV, flu A, coxsackievirus,
67
What is the typical presentation of parotitis?
Recurrent (every few months) unilateral parotid swelling with fever, malaise, and pain lasting days to weeks with each episode.
68
What is the treatment for parotitis?
Supportive unless acute bacterial infection --> abx after blood culture, usually cefazolin or other anti-staph abx. May require surgical drainage.
69
Define peritonsillar abscess.
Penetration of infection through tonsillar capsule to involve neighboring tissue
70
What is the hallmark sign of peritonsillar abscess?
Deviation of uvula/soft palate.
71
What is the treatment of peritonsillar abscess?
Emergent I&D, IV abx
72
What S/S indicate pharyngitis is likely caused by group A strep?
fever, tender anterior cervical adenopathy, pharyngotonsilar exudate, absence of cough. Presence of at least 3 = 90% likelihood of strep.
73
What S/S of pharyngitis make strep less likely?
Cough, hoarseness, coryza (inflammation of nasal mucus membranes with discharge)
74
How is strep pharyngitis diagnosed?
Rapid test 90-99% sensitive --> if negative but strep still suspected, throat culture is confirmatory.
75
What are the potential complications of untreated strep pharyngitis?
Scarlet fever, glomerulonephritis, acute rheumatic fever, abscess formation
76
What is the treatment for strep pharyngitis?
PCN --> erythromycin if allergic
77
Define Pterygium.
Slow growing thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva
78
What are the clinical features of a pterygium and how is it treated?
Highly vascular, triangular mass growing form nasal side toward cornea Tx: surgical excision if interferes with vision.
79
Define and describe retinal detachment.
Separation of retina from pigmented epithelial layer. | Most commonly begins at the superior temporal area.
80
State the common causes of retina detachment.
Spontaneous, trauma, extreme myopia (nearsighted), inflammatory changes in the vitreous, retina, or choroid.
81
Describe S/S associated with retinal detachment.
Acute painless loss of vision that progresses over hours, curtain vision, floaters/flashers, normal or dec IOP, relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD - eyes reacting differently to light)
82
What is the treatment for retinal detachment?
Refer, remain supine with head turned toward affected eye, surgery needed in 20% of cases.
83
What are the S/S associated with retinal artery occlusion?
Sudden painless loss of vision - complete unilateral vision loss.
84
What condition is critical to differentiate from when considering retinal artery occlusion and what S/S indicate this decision?
Giant cell arteritis (ischemia s/p inflammation of arteries) - vision loss, fever, HA, scalp tenderness, jaw claudication (pain and tenderness s/p chewing).
85
What indications on fundoscopic exam indicate retinal artery occlusion and what signs indicate blindness?
Pale retina, arteriolar narrowing, cherry red spot. | Blindness --> optic atrophy + pale retina
86
What is the treatment for retinal artery occlusion?
Refer and place in recumbent position.
87
What are risk factors for retinal vein occlusion?
DM, hyperlipidemia, glaucoma, polycythemia, leukemia
88
What are the S/S of retinal vein occlusion?
Sudden, painless blurred or complete vision loss. | Fundoscopic - optic disc swelling, blood and thunder retina (dilated veins, hemorrhages, edema, exudates)
89
What is the treatment for retinal vein occlusion?
Will at least partially resolve spontaneously. May administer intravitreal injection of VEGF inhibitors.
90
What is the leading cause of blindness in the US?
DM Retinopathy
91
What are the two primary causes of retinopathy?
HTN and DM
92
What are the findings on fundoscopic exam that indicate retinopathy?
AV nicking, arteriolar narrowing, copper wiring
93
Differentiate between proliferative and non-proliferative DM retinopathy.
Pro: neovascularization, vitreous hemorrhage | Non-pro: venous dilation, microaneurysms, retinal hemorrhage, retinal edema, hard exudates
94
What is the treatment for retinopathy?
Control GLC and BP, laser photocoagulation, vitrectomy
95
Define sialedinitis.
Infection of the salivary glands
96
What patients are most commonly affected by sialedinitis and what glands are most often affected?
Pts: elderly and chronically ill with dry mouth or dehydration. Glands: parotid and submandibular
97
Describe S/S of sialedinitis.
Pain, redness, and gradual, localized swelling.
98
What is the purpose of imaging in the assessment of sialedinitis?
Dx is clinical bu CT/MRI/US may be used to r/o abscess or look for a stone.
99
Describe the treatment of sialedinitis.
1st line: supportive --> gland massage, warm compress, inc fluid intake, maintain oral hygiene 2nd line: abx for staph --> dicloxacillin, clindamycin, cephalexin
100
List 4 medication classes that are ototoxic and may cause tinnitus.
NSAIDs --> ASA Abx --> aminoglycosides, erythromycin, vancomycin Quinine Chemotherapy agents
101
What condition typicall occurs with tinnitus and must be assessed for when tinnitus is present?
Depression
102
List 7 non-pharmacologic causes of tinnitus.
``` Accoustic Neuroma --> CN VIII Meniere disease Ramsay Hunt Syndrome Labyrinthitis Head Trauma Electrical Injury Diving Injury ```
103
What are the hallmark S/S of Ramsay Hunt Syndrome?
Facial paralysis, zoster lesions, tinnitus
104
Differentiate vertigo associated with Meniere disease from that of labyrinthitis.
Men: recurrent vertigo Lab: sudden onset, non-recurrent vertigo
105
What medications have been shown to be helpful in treating tinnitus?
Nortriptyline - 50mg at bedtime --> best drug Paroxatine - 10mg at bedtime Sertraline - 50mg per day
106
What are the two primary causes of tympanic membrane perforation?
Infection --> otitis media | Trauma --> barotrauma, direct impact
107
What are the treatment options for tympanic membrane perforation?
Observation & monitoring --> often resolves on its own Surgical repair --> if persistent hearing loss Prevent moisture from getting in ear

EOR Exam - Family Medicine (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions