Eyes - Abnormal findings

Question 1

Ptosis

Answer 1

• Eyelid drooping

- May be seen w/ CN III problem

Question 2

What is the inability to close your eye completely?

Answer 2

Lagophthalmos

Question 3

Chalazion

Answer 3

• Meibomian gland lipogranuloma
• Cyst of inner eyelid due to inflammation of a blocked meibomian gland
• Usually on upper eyelid
• Chronic, painless, points to inside of lid

Question 4

Hordeolum

Answer 4

• External stye
• Due to infection of sebaceous gland at margin of eyelid
• Acute, painful

Question 5

Xanthelasma

Answer 5

• Sharply demarcated yellow deposit of cholesterol under skin (around eyelids)
• Hereditary: More common in Asians or Mediterranean region
• May indicate high lipid levels

Question 6

Periorbital cellulitis

Answer 6

Infection/inflammation of eyelid & skin around the eye

Question 7

Orbital cellulitis

Answer 7

• Proptosis (bulging eye)
• Limited movement (ophthalmoplegia)
• Pain w/ eye movement
• Loss of vision

Question 8

Exopthalmos (proptosis)

Answer 8

• Protrusion of eyes
• Rim of sclera btwn upper lid & iris visible
• Characteristic stare
• Associated w/ Graves disease
• Lid lag: rim of sclera above iris, lid lags behind eyeball

Question 9

Episcleritis

Answer 9

• Episclera: btwn conjunctiva & sclera
• Abrupt onset
• More localized

Question 10

Scleritis

Answer 10

• Gradual onset
• More severe
• Pain
• Loss of vision
• Associated w/ systemic autoimmune/inflammatory disease

Question 11

Uveitis

Answer 11

• Inflammation of uveal tract
• Pain w/ consensual pupillary light reflex
• Limbic flush
• Associated w/ systemic autoimmune/inflammatory disease

Question 12

Subconjunctival hemorrhage

Answer 12

• Painless

- Blood vessel breaks

Question 13

What causes subconjuctival hemorrhage to occur?

Answer 13

• Injury
• Increased pressure
• Blood thinning meds

Question 14

Hyphema

Answer 14

• Bleeding in ant. chamber

- Due to trauma

Question 15

Acute angle closure glaucoma

Answer 15

• aka closed/narrow angle
• less common
• Results in sudden increase in IOP & eye pain
• Crescent shadow present*

Question 16

Open angle glaucoma

Answer 16

• Common form

- IOP is increased but angle is normal

Question 17

Convergent strabismus

Answer 17

• aka. esotropia

- eye moves inward

Question 18

Divergent strabismus

Answer 18

• aka. exotropia

- eye moves outward

Question 19

Horner’s syndrome

Answer 19

PAM (Ptosis, Anhidrosis, Miosis)

*Miosis & anhidrosis on AFFECTED side

Question 20

Horner’s syndrome is a dysfunction of what?

Answer 20

• Dysfunction of SNS*

- May be congenital or associated w/ disease (ex. Pancoast tumor)

Question 21

Tonic pupil

Answer 21

• Anisorcoria (affected pupil is larger)
• Mydriasis (reduced rxn to light)
• Reduced near vision

Question 22

Tonic pupil is a dysfunction of what?

Answer 22

• Dysfunction of PNS*
• Most commonly affects young women
• Cause unknown

Question 23

Nystagmus

Answer 23

• Horizontal, vertical, or rotary

- A few beats can be normal

Question 24

Sustained nystagmus

Answer 24

• May be congenital &/or associated w/ inner ear or neurological disease

Question 25

Papilledema

Answer 25

• Optic disc swelling

- Associated w/ increased intracranial pressure

Question 26

Hypertensive retinopathy

Answer 26

“Dry” retina

• Few hemorrhages & exudates
• Multiple cotton wool spots

Question 27

Diabetic retinopathy

Answer 27

“Wet” retina

• Multiple hemorrhages & exudates
• Few cotton wool spots