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General Anatomy 2 > Eyes > Flashcards

Eyes Flashcards

1
Q
  • formed above by the frontal bone,
  • the lateral margin is formed by the processes of the frontal and zygomatic bones
  • the inferior margin is formed by the zygomatic bone and the maxilla
  • the medial margin is formed by the processes of the maxilla and the frontal bone.
A

ORBITAL MARGIN

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2
Q

3 major openings within orbital cavity

A
  1. Optic canal
  2. Superior orbital fissure
  3. Inferior orbital fissure
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3
Q
  • located posteriorly in the lesser wing of the sphenoid
  • it communicates with the middle cranial fossa.
  • transmits the optic nerve and the ophthalmic artery
A

OPTIC CANAL

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4
Q
  • opening between orbital plate of frontal and greater wing of sphenoid
  • located posteriorly between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid
  • it communicates with the middle cranial fossa
  • transmits the lacrimal nerve, the frontal nerve, the trochlear nerve, the oculomotor nerve (upper and lower divisions), the abducent nerve, the nasociliary nerve, and the superior ophthalmic vein.
A

SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE

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5
Q
  • located posteriorly between the maxilla and the greater wing of the sphenoid
  • it communicates with the pterygopalatine fossa
  • transmits the maxillary nerve and its zygomatic branch, the inferior ophthalmic vein, and sympathetic nerves
A

INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURES

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6
Q

Structures within orbital cavity

A
  1. Eyeballs
  2. Muscles
  3. Nerves
  4. Blood vessels
  5. Fat
  6. Lacrimal apparatus
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7
Q
  • provides cushion to the eyes and even for muscles and rest of contents of orbital cavity
A

FAT

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8
Q
  • skeletal support of eyelid
  • superior tarsus/ superior tarsal plate
  • Inferior tarsus/ inferior tarsal plate
A

TARSAL PLATE

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9
Q
  • two thin, movable folds in front of the eye
  • protection from injury and excessive light
  • upper eyelid larger, more mobile than lower eyelid
  • lower eyelid - tears
A

EYELIDS

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10
Q
  • where upper eyelid and lower the lower eyelid meet each other
A

MEDIAL AND LATERAL ANGLES

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11
Q
  • nictitating eyelid
A

THIRD EYELID

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12
Q
  • elliptical opening between the eyelids
A

PALPEBRAL FISSURE

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13
Q
  • space between upper and lower eyelid
A

VERTICAL PALPEBRAL FISSURE

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14
Q
  • space between medial and lateral corner of the eyes
A

HORIZONTAL PALPEBRAL FISSURE

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15
Q
  • corner of eyes (medial canthus, lateral canthus)
A

CANTHUS

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16
Q
  • superficial covering
A

SKIN

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16
Q
  • made up of mucous membrane (appear transparent)
  • secrete mucous for lubrication of the eyes, protection to the eyes
  • more superficial than sclera
  • seen along scleral region
  • junction between sclera and cornea
A

CONJUNCTIVA

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17
Q
  • sore eyes
A

CONJUNCTIVITIS

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18
Q
  • are short, curved hairs on the free edges of the eyelid
A

EYELASHES

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19
Q
  • open directly into the eyelash follicles

- sebum for lubrication to eyelash

A

GLANDS OF ZEIS (sebaceous gland)

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20
Q
  • modified sweat glands that open between eyelashes
  • apocrine sweat gland
  • empty its secretion along eyelid
  • seperate with hair
A

GLANDS OF MOLL (ciliary glands)

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21
Q
  • long, modified sebaceous glands that pour oily secretion onto the margin of the lid
  • openings lie behind the eyelashes
  • prevents overflow of tears and makes the close eyelids airtight.
  • no hair follicle
  • mebum
  • along tarsal plate providing structural support to eyelid
A

MEIBOMIAN GLANDS (tarsal glands)

22
Q
  • still oily, maintains moisture of the eyes

- secreted by tarsal gland

A

MEBUM

23
Q

LEVATOR PALPEBRAE

A
  • movement of eyelids
  • facial muscle
  • antagonist
    Insertion: tarsal plate of eyelid
    Action: raises eyelid
24
Q

ORBICULARIS OCULI

A
  • movement of eyelids
  • facial muscle
  • antagonist
    Insertion: skin of eyelid
    Action: closes the eyes, depresses eyelids
25
Q
  • orbital part (larger)
  • Palpebral part (smaller)
  • found above the eyeball (superolateral)
  • 12 ducts open from the lower surface of the gland
  • small ducts connect to lacrimal canal (superior and inferior)
  • punctum
  • all fibers (parasympathetic and sympathetic) reach the lacrimal gland through the lacrimal nerve

Nerve supply: parasympathetic secretomotor fibers from lacrimal nucleus of facial nerve

A

LACRIMAL GLAND

26
Q

Flow of tears

A
  1. Lacrimal gland
  2. Lacrimal ducts
  3. Lacrimal canal through punctum
  4. Nasolacrimal duct
  5. Nasal cavity
27
Q

LEVATOR PALPEBRAE SUPERIORIS

A

Origin: back of orbital cavity
Insertion: anterior surface and upper margin of superior tarsal plate
Nerve supply: striated muscle oculomotor nerve, smooth muscle sympathetic
Action: raises upper lid

28
Q

RECTI MUSCLES

A 
Superior rectus (elevation)
Inferior rectus (depression)
Medial rectus (adduction)
Lateral rectus (abduction)
29
Q

OBLIQUE MUSCLES (prime movers for rotation)

A

Superior oblique

Inferior oblique

30
Q
  • is embedded in orbital fat but is separated from it by the fascial sheath of the eyeball
A

EYEBALL

31
Q

Three coats of the eyeball

A
  1. Fibrous coat
  2. Vascular pigmented coat
  3. Nervous coat
32
Q
  • made up of a posterior opaque part, the sclera, and an anterior transparent part, the cornea
  • main covering of the eyes
A

FIBROUS COAT

33
Q
  • composed of dense fibrous tissue and is white

- is directly continuous in front with the cornea at the corneoscleral junction, or limbus.

A

SCLERA

34
Q
  • transparent
  • largely responsible for the refraction of the light entering the eye
  • in contact posteriorly with the aqueous humor
A

CORNEA

35
Q
  • junction between cornea and sclera
A

CORNEAL LIMBUS OR CORNEOSCLERAL JUNCTION

36
Q
  • consists, from behind forward, of the choroid, the ciliary body, and the iris
A

VASCULAR PIGMENTED COAT

37
Q
  • composed of an outer pigmented layer and an inner, highly vascular layer
A

CHOROID

38
Q
  • is continuous posteriorly with the choroid, and anteriorly it lies behind the peripheral margin of the iris
  • composed of the ciliary ring, the ciliary processes, and the ciliary muscle
A

CILIARY BODY

39
Q
  • posterior part of the body, and its surface has shallow grooves, the ciliary striae
A

CILIARY RING

40
Q
  • are radially arranged folds, or ridges, to the posterior surfaces of which are connected the suspensory ligaments of the lens
A

CILIARY PROCESSES

41
Q
  • is composed of meridianal and circular fibers of smooth muscle.
  • meridianal fibers run backward from the region of the corneoscleral junction to the ciliary processes.
  • circular fibers are fewer in number and lie internal to the meridianal fibers

Nerve supply: parasympathetic fibers from the oculomotor nerve.
Action: facilitate tension in the suspensory ligament

A

CILIARY MUSCLE

42
Q
  • iris is a thin, highly contractile, pigmented diaphragm with a central aperture, the pupil
  • suspended in the aqueous humor between the cornea and the lens
  • circular smooth muscle (sphincter pupillae) constricts pupil (bright)
  • radial smooth muscle (dilator pupillae) dilates pupil (dark)

Nerve supply: sympathetic (dilated) and parasympathetic (constrict)

A

IRIS AND PUPIL

43
Q
  • consists of an outer pigmented layer and an inner nervous layer.
  • outer surface: is in contact with the choroid
  • inner surface: is in contact with the vitreous body
  • posterior three quarters of the retina is the receptor organ.
  • anterior part of the retina is nonreceptive and covers the ciliary processes and the back of the iris
A

NERVOUS COAT: RETINA

44
Q
  • an oval, yellowish area at the center of the posterior part of the retina
  • area for the most distinct vision
A

MACULA LUTEA

45
Q
  • a central depression of the macula lutea
A

FOVEA CENTRALIS

46
Q
  • a protein found in macula lutea
A

LUTEIN

47
Q
  • is slightly depressed at its center, where it is pierced by the central artery of the retina.
  • a complete absence of rods and cones so that it is insensitive to light and is referred to as the “blind spot.”
A

OPTIC DISC

48
Q

Contents of the eyeball

A
  1. Refractive media
  2. Aqueous humor
  3. Vitreous body
  4. Lens
49
Q
  • is a clear fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyeball
  • a secretion from the ciliary processes, from which it enters the posterior chamber
  • it then flows into the anterior chamber through the pupil and is drained away through the spaces at the iridocorneal angle into the canal of Schlemm
  • support the wall of the eyeball by exerting internal pressure and thus maintaining its optical shape
  • it also nourishes the cornea and the lens and removes the products of metabolism; these functions are important because the cornea and the lens do not possess a blood supply.
A

AQUEOUS HUMOR

50
Q
  • obstruction to the draining of the aqueous humor results in a rise in intraocular pressure
A

GLAUCOMA

51
Q
  • fills the eyeball behind the lens and is a transparent gel
  • is to contribute slightly to the magnifying power of the eye
  • it supports the posterior surface of the lens and assists in holding the neural part of the retina against the pigmented part of the retina
A

VITREOUS BODY

52
Q
  • is a transparent, biconvex structure enclosed in a transparent capsule
  • is situated behind the iris and in front of the vitreous body and is encircled by the ciliary processes
  • an elastic capsule, which envelops the structure;
  • a cuboidal epithelium, which is confined to the anterior surface of the lens;
  • lens fibers, which are formed from the cuboidal epithelium at the equator of the lens
A

LENS

53
Q
  • a narrow channel that runs through the vitreous body from the optic disc to the posterior surface of the lens
  • in the fetus, it is filled by the hyaloid artery, which disappears before birth
A

HYALOID CANAL

General Anatomy 2 (4 decks)

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