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Eyes Flashcards

1
Q

Xanthelasma

A

Lesions d/t abnormal lipid metabolism

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2
Q

Ectropion

A

Lower lid is turned away from the eye

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3
Q

Entropion

A

Lid is turned inward toward the globe

Eyelashes cause corneal and conjunctival irritation

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4
Q

Hordeolum

A

Stye
Commonly d/t staph infection
Erythematous, yellow lump

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5
Q

Blepharitis

A

Crusting along eyelashes

D/t bacterial infection, seborrhea, psoriasis, manifestation of rosacea, allergic response

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6
Q

Lagophthalmos

A

Closed lids do not completely cover the globe

Cornea may become dried, at risk of infection

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7
Q

Palpation of the orbit

A

Assess intraocular pressure

Pain on palpation: scleritis, orbital cellulitis, cavernous sinus thrombosis

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8
Q

Pterygium

A

Abnormal growth of conjunctiva that extends over the cornea from the limbus
Heavy exposure to UV light

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9
Q

CN V

A

Corneal sensitivity
Blink = CN V, CN VII (facial)
Decreased corneal sensation associated with DM, HSV,, herpes zoster, trigeminal neuralgia

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10
Q

Corneal arcus

A

Arcus seniors
Lipids deposited in the periphery of the cornea
Forms a complete circle
> 60 y/o
If < 40 y/o likely = lipid deposition d/o

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11
Q

Mydriasis

A 
Accompanies coma (eg. d/t DM, alcohol, uremia, epilepsy, brain trauma) some eye drops
Abnormal failure of pupils to constrict
>6 mm
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12
Q

Marcus-Gunn pupil

A

Pupil continues to dilate instead of constrict (abnormal)

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13
Q

Accommodation

A

Pupils restrict going from distant object to close

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14
Q

Miosis

A

Pupillary constriction <2 mm
D/t drugs (morphine)
Glaucoma medications
Inflammation of iris and ciliary body - Iridocyclitis

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15
Q

Failure to respond (constrict) with increased light stimulus

A

Iridocyclitis; retinal degeneration
Optic nerve destruction
Midbrain synapses involving afferent papillae fibers or oculomotor nerve
Impairment of efferent fibers (parasympathetic) that innervate sphincter papillae muscle
Mydriatics - drug induces pupil dilation

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16
Q

Argyll Robertson pupil

A

Bilateral meiotic irregularly shaped pupils that fail to constrict with light but retain constriction with convergence
Neurosyphilis or lesions in the midbrain

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17
Q

Anisocoria

A

Unequal size of pupils
Congenital (20% of population) but have normal reflexes
Unilateral SNS or PNS pupillary pathway destruction

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18
Q

Iritis constrictive response

A 
Acute uveitis (eye pain, blurred vision, sensitivity to light, a small pupil, and redness) is commonly unilateral
Constriction of pupil accompanied by pain, red eye, adjacent to the iris
19
Q

Oculomotor nerve damage

A

Pupil dilated and fixed
Eye deviated laterally and downward
Ptosis

20
Q

Adie pupil

A

Tonic pupil
Affected pupil dilated, reacts slowly or fails to react to light
Responds to convergence
D/t impairment of postganglionic PNS innervation to sphincter pupillae muscle or ciliary malfunction
Diminished tendon reflexes (as with diabetic neuropathy, alcoholism)

21
Q

Senile hyaline plaque

A

Dark, slate gray pigment just anterior to the insertion of the medial rectus muscle

22
Q

Strabismus

A

Crossed eyes

23
Q

Exotropic

A

Outward

24
Q

Esotropic

A

Inward (toward the nose)

25
Q

Myelinated retinal nerve fibers

A

White area with soft, ill-defined peripheral margins
No significance, benign
Myelinated nerve fibers obscure area of retinal blood vessels, esp. inferiorly

26
Q

Papilledema

A

Loss of definition of the optic disc margin
Venous pulsations not visible
Venous hemorrhage may occur
Initially vision not altered

Caused by: increased intracranial pressure transmitted along the optic nerve

27
Q

Glaucomatous optic nerve head cupping

A

Disc margins are raised with a lowered central area
Impaired blood supply may lead to optic atrophy, disc appears whiter than usual
Cup is usually not particularly enlarged in contrast to glaucomatous atrophy
Peripheral vision constricted

Result of intraocular pressure with loss of nerve fibers and death of ganglion cells

28
Q

Cotton wool spot

A

Ill-defined, yellow area caused by infarction of nerve layer of the retina

Result of vascular disease secondary to HTN or DM

29
Q

Exophthalmos

A

Bulging of eye anteriorly out of orbit
Graves disease - abnormal connective tissue deposition in orbit and extra ocular muscles
Unilateral - retro-orbital tumor

30
Q

Episcleritis

A

Inflammation of the superficial layers of the sclera anterior to the insertion of the rectus muscle
Simple - intermittent episodes of moderate to severe inflammation, recurs
Nodular - prolonged attacks of inflammation that are typically more painful than simple
Idiopathic - may have autoimmune disorders, RA, Chron’s. SLE, psoriatic arthritis, gout, atopy, foreign bodies, infection

31
Q

Band Keratopathy

A

Deposition of calcium in the superficial cornea
Chronic corneal disease
Hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroid, trauma, sarcoidosis, syphilis
Horizontal grayish bands interspersed with dark area
Passes over pupil (not around like arcus senilis)

32
Q

Corneal Ulcer

A

Disruption of the corneal epithelium and storm
Rheumatologic disorder
Connective tissue disease (RA, Sjogren syndrome, systematic vasculitic d/o (SLE, Wegener granulomatosis, polyarteritis nodes)
Infection - viral, bacterial
Extreme dryness
Pain, photophobia, contacts, blurry

33
Q

Horner Syndrome

A

Interruption of the SNS to the ye
Congenital, acquired, hereditary (autosomal dominant)
May result from lesion of the primary neuron, stroke, trauma to the brachial plexus, tumors
Triad of ipsilateral mitosis, mild ptosis, loss of hemifacial sweating

34
Q

Cataracts

A

Opacity in lens
Denaturation of lens protein caused by aging
Steroids
Infections - maternal rubella, fetal insults
Cloudy/blurry/halo
Cloudiness of the lens

35
Q

Diabetic Retinopathy (Background, non-proliferative)

A

Hard and soft exudates are the result of lipid transudation through incompetent capillaries
Soft exudates (cotton wool spots) caused by infarction of the nerve layer
Patients asymptomatic early
Blurred vision, distortion
Blood vessels with balloon like sacs (microaneurysms)
Tiny yellow patches of hard exudates
Flames shaped and dot-blot hemorrhages, cotton-wool spots, microaneurysms

36
Q

Diabetic Retinopathy (Proliferative)

A

Vessels grow out of the retina toward the vitreous humor
May occur in peripheral retina or on optic nerve itself
New vessels lack supporting structure of healthy vessels
Bleeding causes blindnesss

37
Q

Lipemia Retinalis

A

Creamy white appearance of retinal vessels that occurs with excessively high serum TGL
Peripheral fundus changes in early stages
Salmon pink -> whitish

38
Q

Retinitis Pigmentosa

A

Autosomal recessive d/o when genetic defects cause cell death, predominately in the rod photoreceptors
Optic atrophy with a waxy pallor, narrow arterioles, peripheral bone spicule pigmentation

39
Q

Glaucoma

A

Disease of the optic nerve wherein the nerve cells die, usually d/t excessively high intraocular pressure
Acute glaucoma = accompanied by intense ocular pain, blurred vision, halos around eyes, red eye, dilated pupil
Occasionally N/V
See optic nerve damage clearly during dilated eye exam
Characteristic increase cupping of the optic nerve

40
Q

Chorioretinitis

A

Chrorioretinal Inflammation
Inflammatory process involving both the choroid and the retina
Caused by laser therapy for diabetic retinopathy, histoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, rubella
Hx cleaning cat litter, laser surgery
floaters, photophobia
Sharply defined lesion, whitish yellow, becomes stippled with dark pigment in later stages ending with a chorioretinal scar

41
Q

Retinoblastoma

A

Embryonic malignant tumor arising from the retina
First 2 years of life
Autosomal dominant trait or by chromosomal mutation
Family hx of retinoblastoma
White reflex on photos
Sign is leukocoria, white reflex (cat’s eye reflex) rather than red reflex

42
Q

Retinopathy of prematurity

A

Disrupt normal progression of retinal vascular development in preterm infant
Proliferation of blood vessels
May progress to retinal detachment and blindness

43
Q

Retinal Hemorrhages in Infancy

A

Abnormal bleeding of the blood vessels in the retina
Shaken baby syndrome
Usually bilateral
Or: HTN, leukemia, sepsis, vasculitis, retinal dz, anemia, hypoxia

44
Q

Macular degeneration

A

Are related macular degeneration

Dry (atrophic) from gradual breakdown of cells in the macula
Gradual blurring of central vision
Drusen = multiple spots in the macular region
Thinning and loss of the retina and the choroid

Wet (exudative, neovascular) - new abnormal blood vessels grow under the center of the retina
Blood vessels leak, bleed, scar retina, distorted/destroy central vision
Blurred vision
Blind spots, stomas
Metamorphosia = straight lines look irregular
Micropsia = objects appear smaller in one eye

Advanced Assessment (14 decks)

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