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Health Assessment Final > Eyes > Flashcards

Eyes Flashcards

1
Q

What protects the eye?

A

Bony orbital cavity, eyelids, and lacrimal apparatus

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2
Q

Conjugate movement of eyes refers to

A

parallel axis of movement in both eyes

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3
Q

Sclera

A

outer layer of the eye

tough protective white covering

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4
Q

Sclera is continous anteriorly with the

A

cornea

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5
Q

Cornea

A

refracting medium- bends light rays to focus on the retina

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6
Q

Cataracts

A

clouding of the crystalline lens from the clumping of proteins- curable with lens replacement surgery.

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7
Q

What percentage of people have cataracts at age 40 and age 80?

A

17% of Americans over 40 have cataracts, more than 50% of age 80+. Higher risk in women

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8
Q

Glaucoma

A

Optic nerve neuropathy characterized by loss of peripheral vision. Caused by increase in IOP.

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9
Q

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

A

Loss of central vision cause by yellow deposits (drusen) and neovascularity in the macula. Risk rises with age and women have a greater risk. Prevents reading, fine work, and distinguishing faces. Peripheral vision is not affected.

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10
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

A

Results in vision impairment with difficulty driving, reading, and managing diabetes. Prevalence had decreased in the US but will increase worldwide.

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11
Q

What is the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults age 25-74?

A

Diabetic retinopathy

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12
Q

What are the four most common causes of decreased visual functioning in the aging adult?

A
  1. Cataracts
  2. Glaucoma
  3. Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
  4. Diabetic retinopathy
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13
Q

What constitutes visual impairment on the Snellen chart?

A

Not being able to see 20/50 or below

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14
Q

What groups have higher levels of vision loss and less access to health care than whites?

A

Blacks and hispanics

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15
Q

In the aging adult. lacrimal glands involute, causing

A

decreased tear production, a feeling of dryness and burning

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16
Q

presbyopia

A

Decreased ability of the lens to change shape to accommodate for near vision

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17
Q

What percentage of people have presbyopia by age 40?

A

50%

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18
Q

Eye function at birth

A

Limited with macula absent. Eye movements are poorly coordinated

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19
Q

Macula is developed by

A

developing at 4 months and mature by 8 months

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20
Q

Infant establishes binocularity by

A

3-4 months

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21
Q

Corneal reflex

A

stimulation of the cornea causes blinking. Caused by
CN V- afferent
CN VII- efferent to stimulate blinking

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22
Q

Choroid

A

Darkly pigmented middle layer
Continuous anteriorly with the iris
Highly vascularized to delivery blood to the retina

23
Q

Iris

A

controls the amount of light admitted to the retina

24
Q

Pupil

A

Normally round and regular.

25
Q

What CN causes pupil constriction?

A

CN III

26
Q

Lens

A

biconvex disc posterior to the pupil

Serves as a refractory medium, bulges to focus on near objects and flattens for far objects

27
Q

floaters

A

common with myopia or after middle age due to condensed vitreous fibers

28
Q

arcus senilis

A

gray white arc or circle around the limbus caused by deposition of lipid material

29
Q

What to ask about for vision changes

A

onset of floaters, halos around lights, loss of peripheral vision, blind spots

30
Q

lacrimation

A

tearing

31
Q

epiphora

A

excessive tearing

32
Q

Adults without eye rx should get a checkup

A

every 2-3 years

33
Q

Cigarette smoking associated with what eye diseases?

A

AMD, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, eye inflammation

34
Q

Vision changes: ask about acute onset of:

A

floaters, halos around lights, loss of peripheral vision, blind spots

35
Q

What may cause impaired vision?

A

refractive error
opacity in the media (cornea, lens, vitreous)
disorder in the retina or optic pathway

36
Q

What can nystagmus indicate?

A

Disease of the semicircular canals, paretic eye muscle, MS, brain lesions, or an overdose of phenytoin

37
Q

What does lid lag indicate?

A

hyperthyroidism

38
Q

Pallor near the outer canthus of the lower lid may indicate

A

anemia

39
Q

scleral icterus

A

even yellowing of the sclera up to the cornea indicating jaundice

40
Q

Aniscoria

A

pupils two different sizes- normal in 5% of people

41
Q

In older adult, increased of falls and fractures with a distance visual acuity of…

A

20/25 or greater

42
Q

pingueculae

A

Yellowish, elevated nodules caused by a thickening of bulbar conjunctiva from prolonged exposure to sun, wind and dust. Appear at the 9:00 and 3:00 positions, first on nasal side then on temporal side. Common in aging adult

43
Q

pterygium

A

opacity on the bulbar conjunctiva that grows over the

44
Q

ectropion

A

lower lid dropping away

45
Q

entropion

A

lower lid turning in

46
Q

xanthelasma

A

soft, raised, yellow plaques on the lids at the inner canthus. Commonly occur around the 50s, more frequently in women. No pathological significance.

47
Q

Pupils in old age

A

Small with a slowed pupillary light reflex

48
Q

Drusen

A

benign degenerative hyaline deposits common in old age with no effect on vision.

49
Q

hard exudates

A

Occur with a more circular or linear pattern than drusen. Abnormal finding

50
Q

Glaucoma is 15 times more likely to cause blindness among…

A

Africans Americans between the ages of 45 and 64

51
Q

Glaucoma screening should begin at age

A

20 years

52
Q

open angle glaucoma

A

drainage canals become clogged over time, causing gradual increase in IOP.

53
Q

closed angle glaucoma

A

drainage canals are blocked or covered over by the outer edge of the iris when the pupil enlarges too much or too quickly.

54
Q

acute closed-angle glaucoma

A

abrupt onset of symptoms, eye pain, N/V, headache. Individuals can lose their vision in 2-3 hours.

Health Assessment Final (5 decks)

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