Eyes

Question 1

What protects the eye?

Answer 1

Bony orbital cavity, eyelids, and lacrimal apparatus

Question 2

Conjugate movement of eyes refers to

Answer 2

parallel axis of movement in both eyes

Question 3

Sclera

Answer 3

outer layer of the eye

tough protective white covering

Question 4

Sclera is continous anteriorly with the

Answer 4

cornea

Question 5

Cornea

Answer 5

refracting medium- bends light rays to focus on the retina

Question 6

Cataracts

Answer 6

clouding of the crystalline lens from the clumping of proteins- curable with lens replacement surgery.

Question 7

What percentage of people have cataracts at age 40 and age 80?

Answer 7

17% of Americans over 40 have cataracts, more than 50% of age 80+. Higher risk in women

Question 8

Glaucoma

Answer 8

Optic nerve neuropathy characterized by loss of peripheral vision. Caused by increase in IOP.

Question 9

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

Answer 9

Loss of central vision cause by yellow deposits (drusen) and neovascularity in the macula. Risk rises with age and women have a greater risk. Prevents reading, fine work, and distinguishing faces. Peripheral vision is not affected.

Question 10

Diabetic retinopathy

Answer 10

Results in vision impairment with difficulty driving, reading, and managing diabetes. Prevalence had decreased in the US but will increase worldwide.

Question 11

What is the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults age 25-74?

Answer 11

Diabetic retinopathy

Question 12

What are the four most common causes of decreased visual functioning in the aging adult?

Answer 12

1. Cataracts
2. Glaucoma
3. Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
4. Diabetic retinopathy

Question 13

What constitutes visual impairment on the Snellen chart?

Answer 13

Not being able to see 20/50 or below

Question 14

What groups have higher levels of vision loss and less access to health care than whites?

Answer 14

Blacks and hispanics

Question 15

In the aging adult. lacrimal glands involute, causing

Answer 15

decreased tear production, a feeling of dryness and burning

Question 16

presbyopia

Answer 16

Decreased ability of the lens to change shape to accommodate for near vision

Question 17

What percentage of people have presbyopia by age 40?

Answer 17

50%

Question 18

Eye function at birth

Answer 18

Limited with macula absent. Eye movements are poorly coordinated

Question 19

Macula is developed by

Answer 19

developing at 4 months and mature by 8 months

Question 20

Infant establishes binocularity by

Answer 20

3-4 months

Question 21

Corneal reflex

Answer 21

stimulation of the cornea causes blinking. Caused by
CN V- afferent
CN VII- efferent to stimulate blinking

Question 22

Choroid

Answer 22

Darkly pigmented middle layer
Continuous anteriorly with the iris
Highly vascularized to delivery blood to the retina

Question 23

Iris

Answer 23

controls the amount of light admitted to the retina

Question 24

Pupil

Answer 24

Normally round and regular.

Question 25

What CN causes pupil constriction?

Answer 25

CN III

Question 26

Lens

Answer 26

biconvex disc posterior to the pupil | Serves as a refractory medium, bulges to focus on near objects and flattens for far objects

Question 27

floaters

Answer 27

common with myopia or after middle age due to condensed vitreous fibers

Question 28

arcus senilis

Answer 28

gray white arc or circle around the limbus caused by deposition of lipid material

Question 29

What to ask about for vision changes

Answer 29

onset of floaters, halos around lights, loss of peripheral vision, blind spots

Question 30

lacrimation

Answer 30

tearing

Question 31

epiphora

Answer 31

excessive tearing

Question 32

Adults without eye rx should get a checkup

Answer 32

every 2-3 years

Question 33

Cigarette smoking associated with what eye diseases?

Answer 33

AMD, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, eye inflammation

Question 34

Vision changes: ask about acute onset of:

Answer 34

floaters, halos around lights, loss of peripheral vision, blind spots

Question 35

What may cause impaired vision?

Answer 35

refractive error opacity in the media (cornea, lens, vitreous) disorder in the retina or optic pathway

Question 36

What can nystagmus indicate?

Answer 36

Disease of the semicircular canals, paretic eye muscle, MS, brain lesions, or an overdose of phenytoin

Question 37

What does lid lag indicate?

Answer 37

hyperthyroidism

Question 38

Pallor near the outer canthus of the lower lid may indicate

Answer 38

anemia

Question 39

scleral icterus

Answer 39

even yellowing of the sclera up to the cornea indicating jaundice

Question 40

Aniscoria

Answer 40

pupils two different sizes- normal in 5% of people

Question 41

In older adult, increased of falls and fractures with a distance visual acuity of...

Answer 41

20/25 or greater

Question 42

pingueculae

Answer 42

Yellowish, elevated nodules caused by a thickening of bulbar conjunctiva from prolonged exposure to sun, wind and dust. Appear at the 9:00 and 3:00 positions, first on nasal side then on temporal side. Common in aging adult

Question 43

pterygium

Answer 43

opacity on the bulbar conjunctiva that grows over the

Question 44

ectropion

Answer 44

lower lid dropping away

Question 45

entropion

Answer 45

lower lid turning in

Question 46

xanthelasma

Answer 46

soft, raised, yellow plaques on the lids at the inner canthus. Commonly occur around the 50s, more frequently in women. No pathological significance.

Question 47

Pupils in old age

Answer 47

Small with a slowed pupillary light reflex

Question 48

Drusen

Answer 48

benign degenerative hyaline deposits common in old age with no effect on vision.

Question 49

hard exudates

Answer 49

Occur with a more circular or linear pattern than drusen. Abnormal finding

Question 50

Glaucoma is 15 times more likely to cause blindness among...

Answer 50

Africans Americans between the ages of 45 and 64

Question 51

Glaucoma screening should begin at age

Answer 51

20 years

Question 52

open angle glaucoma

Answer 52

drainage canals become clogged over time, causing gradual increase in IOP.

Question 53

closed angle glaucoma

Answer 53

drainage canals are blocked or covered over by the outer edge of the iris when the pupil enlarges too much or too quickly.

Question 54

acute closed-angle glaucoma

Answer 54

abrupt onset of symptoms, eye pain, N/V, headache. Individuals can lose their vision in 2-3 hours.