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Physical Assessment > Eyes > Flashcards

Eyes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the functions of the orbit of the eye?

A

Ensures that the eye’s functions are optimized
*Its a quadrilateral-shaped bony socket

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2
Q

What is the sclera of the eye?

A

White covering of the eyeball
*continuous with the dura of the central nervous system

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3
Q

What is the iris of the eye?

A

Colored circular muscle, that gives us our eye color

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4
Q

What happens when the muscles of the iris dilates?

A

It controls the amount of light allowed to enter the eye through the central aperture
*Which is the pupil

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5
Q

What is the cornea?

A

The cornea covers both the pupil and iris and is continuous with the sclera.

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6
Q

What is the palpebral fissure?

A

The opening between the eyelids

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7
Q

What is the conjunctiva of the eye?

A

A thin transparent mucous membrane that covers the inner surfaces of the eyelids & eye
*highly vascularized
*Has two components

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8
Q

What is the bulbar conjunctiva?

A

Covers most of the anterior eyeball
*Meets the cornea at the limbus

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9
Q

What is the limbus?

A

The point where the cornea and sclera meet

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10
Q

What is the palpebral conjunctiva?

A

Lines the eyelids

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11
Q

What is the function of the conjunctiva?

A

To lubricate, protect the eye

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12
Q

What is the function of the meibomian glands?

A

They open on the lid margin and provide oily lubrication to the ocular surface

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13
Q

What is the primary muscle that moves the upper lid?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris
*Innervated by cranial nerve III (oculomotor nerve)

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14
Q

What is the function of the tear film?

A

-Protects the conjunctiva and cornea from drying
-Inhibits microbial growth
-give a smooth surface to the cornea

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15
Q

What are the components of the tear film?

A

Oily layer: from the meibomian glands
Aqueous layer: from the lacrimal glands
mucinous layer: from the conjunctival glands

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16
Q

Where is the lacrimal gland located?

A

Lies in the superolateral orbit

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17
Q

Where does tear fluid flow to? (Part one)

A

Spreads across the eye and drains medial through two tiny holes called the lacrimal puncta
*The tiny holes are located on the superior and inferior medial eyelid margin

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18
Q

After tears exit the lacrimal puncta where do they go?

A

Then pass to the canaliculi into the lacrimal sac and into the nose through the nasolacrimal duct

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19
Q

Where is the lens located in the eye?

A

Behind the iris

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20
Q

What controls the thickness of the lens?

A

Contraction or relaxation of the ligaments in the ciliary body
*which then allows for the eye to focus on near or distant objects

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21
Q

What is accommodation?

A

Allows the eye to adjust or focus on near or distant objects

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22
Q

What is the function of the retina?

A

Its the sensory part of the eye

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23
Q

What are the three chambers that contain fluid in the eye?

A

Anterior chamber
*Between the cornea and iris
Posterior chamber
*Between the iris and the lens
Vitreous chamber
*Between the lens and the retina

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24
Q

What is between the anterior and posterior chamber?

A

Filed with a clear liquid called aqueous humor
*Produced by the ciliary body
*will drain through the canal of Schlemm

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25
Q

What is the vitreous chamber filled with?

A

Vitreous humor
*helps maintain the shape of the eye

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26
Q

What is the optic disc and when is it seen?

A

-The optic disc is usually seen through the ophthalmoscope
-Where the optic nerve is

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27
Q

What surrounds the fovea?

A

the macula

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28
Q

What is the definition of a visual field?

A

The entire area seen by an eye when it looks at a central point

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29
Q

What are visual fields limited by?

A

Brows above
Cheeks below
Nose medially

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30
Q

What produces a blind spot?

A

A lack of retinal receptors at the optic disc
*Approximately 15 degrees temporal

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31
Q

Describes what happens when a person uses both eyes to see?

A

The two visual fields overlap which allows for stereopsis or 3D depth perception (bi-ocular vision)

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32
Q

What is direct reaction to light?

A

When there is pupillary constriction to the eye that is getting light shined on it

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33
Q

What is consensual reaction to light?

A

Pupillary constriction to the contralateral eye

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34
Q

What is the cranial nerve responsible to light reaction?

A

Cranial nerve II optic nerve

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35
Q

What are the two reasons for changes in pupillary reactions

A
  1. Light
  2. Effort focusing on near objects
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36
Q

What is the cranial nerve that facilitates near reaction or accommodation

A

CN III ocular motor

37
Q

Is accommodation visible to the examiner?

A

NO
*accommodation takes places behind the iris

38
Q

What are the extra ocular eye muscles?

A

Lateral and medial rectus
Superior and inferior rectus
Superior and inferior obliques

39
Q

What is the action of the superior recuts muscle?

A

Moves the eye upward

40
Q

What is the action of the inferior recuts muscle?

A

Moves the eye downward

41
Q

What is the action of the medial recuts?

A

Moves the eye inward toward the nose

42
Q

What is the action of the Lateral recuts?

A

movs the eye outward away from the nose

43
Q

What is the action of the superior oblique muscle?

A

Rotates the top of the eye toward the nose around the long axis and downward

44
Q

What is the action of the inferior oblique muscle?

A

Rotates the top of the eye away from the nose around the long axis and upward

45
Q

What cranial nerves are innervate the extraocular muscles?

A

Abducens CN VI
Trochlear CN IV
Oculomotor CN III

46
Q

What muscles does the Abducens nerve CN VI innervate

A

Lateral recuts

47
Q

What muscles does the Trochlear nerve CN IV innervate

A

Superior oblique muscle

48
Q

What muscles one’s the oculomotor nerve CN III innervate?

A

Medial rectus
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Inferior oblique

49
Q

What is the purpose of testing the EOM?

A

-Can test the function of each CN innervation of the six EOM muscles
-Can also test for eye convergence

50
Q

What is eye convergence?

A

Focus on a close object to the point where its no longer possible (medial rectus III)

51
Q

What is diplopia?

A

Double vision
*Possible early/initial sign of a neurological disorder *Lesion in the brain stem

52
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

Farsightedness

53
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

Aging vision

54
Q

What is myopia?

A

Nearsightedness

55
Q

What are the parts of an eye exam?

A
  1. visual acuity
  2. Inspection/ Palpation
  3. Visual fields by confrontation
  4. Pupils
  5. EOM and convergence
  6. Fundoycopic examination
56
Q

What are PERRLA stand for?

A

Pupils are equally round and reactive to light and accommodation

57
Q

What are the two types of vision tests

A

Snellen
Rosenbaum (can be down bedside)

58
Q

What does visual acuity asses?

A

Central vision
*CN II optic

59
Q

What does OD stand for?

A

Right eye

60
Q

What does os stand for?

A

Left eye

61
Q

What does OU stand for?

A

Both eyes

62
Q

What is ptosis?

A

Drooping of the upper eyelid
*Damage to the ocular motor

63
Q

What is exophthalmos?

A

Lid retraction
Caused by hypothroidism
eyeballs will be protruding forward

64
Q

What is entropion?

A

Inward turning

65
Q

What is ectropion?

A

Lower eyelid turns outward
*Tears wont drain and exposed conjunctiva

66
Q

What is a chalazion?

A

Non-tender inflammation caused by a blockage of the meibomian gland

67
Q

What is a xanthelasma?

A

Raised yellow plaques
*Lipid disorder

68
Q

What is a subconjunctival hemorrhage?

A

Benign hematoma of the conjunctiva

69
Q

How do you inspect the cornea and iris?

A

Use temporal lighting
*note any unusual shadow patterns
*will show abnormalities in the intro-ocular pressure

70
Q

What is a corneal arcus?

A

A thin gray white arch common in elderly

71
Q

What is pterygium?

A

A thickening of the bulbara conjuncva
*It impedes the pupil

72
Q

When do you perform lid eversion?

A

If there is a foreign body suspected

73
Q

What does it mean if there is a temporal defect in the eye?

A

There is a nasal defect in the other eye

74
Q

What is a horizontal visual field defect?

A

Occlusion of a branch of the central retinal artery

75
Q

What is a bitemporal hemianopsia?

A

A lesion at the optic chiasm
*visual loss involves the temporal half of each field

76
Q

What is left homonymous hemianopsia?

A

A lesion of the optic tract, interrupts fibers on the same side of both eyes
*visual loss involves half of each field (left side)

77
Q

What is a homonymous left superior quadrant defect

A

A partial lesion of the optic radiation in the temporal lobe
*1/4 of eye is blocked upper quadrant

78
Q

What is miosis?

A

Constriction of the pupil

79
Q

What is mydriasis?

A

Dilatation of the pupil

80
Q

How does the eye accommodate for close vision?

A

It tightens the ciliary muscles, allowing the pliable crystalline lens to become more rounded

81
Q

What are argyll robertson pupils?

A

Small irregular pupils
*will not react to light
*will accommodate

82
Q

What is exotropia?

A

Deviating eye turns outward

83
Q

What is esotropia/

A

Deviating eye turns inward

84
Q

What is papilledema?

A

Optic disc swelling secondary to increased intracranial pressure
*HTN
*Idiopathic
*Cerebral edema

85
Q

What is a kayser-fleischer ring?

A

A golden to red brown ring, sometimes shading to green or blue. Caused by copper deposition in the periphery of the cornea found in Wilson disease

86
Q

What is blepharitis?

A

A chronic inflammation of the eyelids at the base of the hair follicles
*commonly caused by S. Aureus

87
Q

What is a pinguecula?

A

A harmless yellowish triangular nodule in the bulbar conjunctiva on either side of the iris.
*can appear with aging

88
Q

What is a episcleritis?

A

A benign, usually painless localized ocular inflammation of the episcleral vessels

Physical Assessment (12 decks)

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