Eyelids

Question 1

Phospholipids are present in tear secretions true/ false?

Answer 1

True

Question 2

most important muscles of eyelids?

Answer 2

1. M. orbicularis oculi
2. M. Levator palpeerde superioris
3. M. malaris

Question 3

function of the eyelids?

Answer 3

physical protection of the globes
distribution of the PTF pumping it into drainage system by lid movements
production of secretions rich in phospholipids by the glands

Question 4

describe the aetiology of brachycephalic ocular syndrome?

Answer 4

abnormally large palpebral fissure
unusually folded nasal skin
permanent irritation and exposition of the medial cornea

Question 5

signs of Brachycephalic ocular syndrome?

Answer 5

skin and hairs are in contact with the cornea
lacrimation
corneal ulceration
KCS

Question 6

pigment deposited into the cornea after a while the cornea will be completely pigmented, true/ false?

Answer 6

True

Question 7

treatment for brachycephalic ocular syndrome?

Answer 7

medial canthoplasty

- in young dogs ages 1-2yrs

Question 8

list the disorders of the cilia?

Answer 8

1. Distichiasis
2. trichiasis
3. ectopic cilia

Question 9

describe distichiasis?

Answer 9

additional cilia originatining from abnormally located follicles (follicles are in or near to the tarsal gland)

Question 10

describe trichiasis?

Answer 10

cilia arising from normally located follicles, are pointed in the abnormal direction (often together with the skin)

Question 11

treatment of disorders of the cilia?

Answer 11

1. trimming of the aberrant cilia (by owner)
2. Electroepilation
3. microcryoepilation
4. surgery by excision
5. treatment of secondary corneal ulcer

Question 12

describe entropion?

Answer 12

inward rolling of the eyelid margin (mainly lower eyelid in dogs)

Question 13

which eyelid is mainly affected in entropic lamb?

Answer 13

upper eyelid (common)

Question 14

how does acquired entropion occur?

Answer 14

trauma of the lids and healing without treatment -> formation of cicatrix fibrosis and contraction of the tissues
associated with peri ocular surgery and chronic inflammation
(frequent in horses)

Question 15

describe spastic entropion?

Answer 15

secondary condition due to chronic pain and discomfort of the eye
common in dogs

Question 16

signs of entropion?

Answer 16

1. lacrimation, blepharospasm, photophobia
2. conjunctivitis
3. rubbing of the affected eye
4. corneal oedema, vascularisation, pigmentation and ulceration in advanced cases
5. turning in of the lid margin

Question 17

ectropion treatment?

Answer 17

may improve spontaneously in immature dogs
surgery:
- Hotz-celsus technique
- “pinch” technique

Question 18

normal palpebral fissure length?

Answer 18

26-33 mm in a dog

if longer shorten by lateral canthoplasty

Question 19

Describe ectropion?

Answer 19

eversion, turning out of the eyelids (the lower lid is always affected)

Question 20

describe developmental or structural ectropion?

Answer 20

mainly in dogs
may have genetic predisposition
considered normal in some breeds
may or may not result in clinical signs

Question 21

describe acquired or cicatricial ectropion?

Answer 21

trauma of the lids and healing without treatment
fibrosis and contraction may be associated with peri ocular surgery and chronic inflammation
in any species (frequent in horses)

Question 22

describe intermittent ectropion?

Answer 22

in larger hunting breeds
lids are normal in the morning and ectopic at night
mechanism unknown

Question 23

signs of ecotopian?

Answer 23

lacrimation, conjunctivitis
corneal vascularisation in the advanced stages
eversion of the lower eyelid

Question 24

treatment of ecotopian?

Answer 24

many animals can tolerate 
surgery is indicated when:
- there are secondary signs 
- owner desires it 
- modified Kuhnt-Szymanowski method

Question 25

describe the modified Szymanowski method?

Answer 25

small patch is directed from the lower lid - wound is sutured (wedge shaped wound) - after complete closure - lower lid will become tighter - corrected ectropion

Question 26

what is hordeolum external?

Answer 26

purulent inflammation of the lash follicle and associated gland of Zeis

Question 27

describe hordeolum internum?

Answer 27

purulent inflammation of the tarsal (meibomian) gland (bigger gland)

Question 28

what generally causes hordeolum?

Answer 28

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 29

treatment of Hordeolum?

Answer 29

medical therapy or surgical incision (no systemic therapy)

Question 30

what is Blepharitis?

Answer 30

inflammation of the eyelid tissue

Question 31

what can be the causes of blepharitis?

Answer 31

bacterial
mycotic
parasitic
allergic

Question 32

signs of blepharitis?

Answer 32

pain, blepharospasm, pruritus, alopecia
swelling, hyperaemia, serous to purulent discharge
chronic: crusts, ulceration,
associated with KCS

Question 33

treatment of blepharitis?

Answer 33

by cause (and always use Elizabethan collar)

Question 34

corneal drug contact should be avoided in the treatment of what causative agent of blepharitis?

Answer 34

1. Fungal

2. Parasitic

Question 35

treatment of traumatic injuries?

Answer 35

repair, restore the anatomic and functional integrity, as soon after injury as possible
sequel of untreated injuries can lead to entropion, ectropion

Question 36

metastasis of tumours of the eyelids is rare, true/ false?

Answer 36

true

Question 37

treatment of eyelid tumours?

Answer 37

surgical excision ASAP (wedge or 4 sided)

radiation therapy, chemotherapy