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Nuro > Eye movement > Flashcards

Eye movement Flashcards

1
Q

Otoconia:

A

calcium carbonate and protein

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2
Q

What maintains the Ionic composition of the Endolymph

A

Darkcells

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3
Q

What happens when the MET cells open

A

Due to the high ION concentration K+ ions flow into the hair cells and depolarize them

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4
Q

bending of stereocilia toward the kinocilium does what?

A

depolarizes the hair cell

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5
Q

bending of stereocilia away the kinocilium does what?

A

bending away hyperpolarizes the hair cell

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6
Q

what divides the hair cells direction

A

Striola

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7
Q

The ampulla dont have

A

Striola

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8
Q

Depolarization is when ?

A

Steriocillia lean towards kinocillia

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9
Q

Hyperpolorization is when?

A

Steriocillia lean away from Kinocillia

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10
Q

Left rotation of head results in polorization of which ampulla?

A

Left

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11
Q

Right rotation of the head results in polorization of which ampulla?

A

Right

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12
Q

How are signials sent to the brain from the ear?

A

Bipolar neurons in the Scarpa Ganglion

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13
Q

Acoustic Nuroma

A

Something that impinges on the nerves in the internal acustic meatus

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14
Q

The vestibular nuclei are situated where?

A

laterally in the medulla and pons- beneath the floor of the fourth ventricle, they occupy a substantial portion of its superior-inferior extent.

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15
Q

How many Vestibular Nuclei are there?

A

There are 4 nuclei: superior, lateral, medial, and inferior.

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16
Q

semicircular canals primarily project to the

A

superior and medial vestibular nuclei

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17
Q

the utricle and saccule primarily project to the

A

lateral and medial vestibular nuclei

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18
Q

Vesibulocervical reflex (VCR)

A

Semicircular canals to medial vestibular nucleus to cervical cord to initiate reflexive movements of the neck in response to head rotation

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19
Q

Vestibulospinal reflex (VSR)

A
  1. Otolith organs
  2. lateral vestibular nucleus
  3. lower levels of spinal cord
  4. initiate reflexive postural adjustment to stabilize balance in response to gravitational force and linear movements of body
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20
Q

Otolith organs

A

saccule, utricle

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21
Q

Vestibulocerebellar pathways

A

The cerebellum and vestibular nuclei are reciprocally connected. Detection and adjustments of “motor error”.

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22
Q

The phenomenon of perceiving illusory self-motion from vision alone:

A

vection.

23
Q

vestibulo-ocular reflex

A

keeps the line of sight fixed in the world by counter rotating the eyes during movements of the head

24
Q

optokinetic response

A

stabilizes the line of sight with respect to the moving visual surround, but does so after a longer latency.

25
Q

Which CN innervates the Contralateral side of the eye

A

Trochlear CN IV

26
Q

Head turning activates the Kinocilium in the same/opposite turning direction.

A

Same direction

27
Q

Dolls eyes test Normal: Abnormal: Indications:

A

Turn head in comotose pt with eyes open Eyes stay pointed in the original direction Eyes track with the head. Potential problem with vestibular system

28
Q

nystagmus

A

slow opposite eye movement to head rotation fast recenter of eyes to center

29
Q

COWS

A

Cold water - Opposite Warm water - Same (Fast response)

30
Q

Non-conjugete movement of the eyes test

A

Damage at the MLF level

31
Q

Mydriasis

A

pupil dilation

Relaxation of sphincter pupillae

Contraction of dilator pupillae

32
Q

Miosis

A

pupil Constriction

Contraction of sphincter pupillae

Relaxation of dilator pupillae

33
Q

Anisocoria:

A

asymmetric pupil sizes

unilateral oculomotor nerve damage

34
Q

Innervation of the Pupil

A

Parasympathetic - Cilicary Ganglion Sympathetic - Superior Cervical Ganglion (sits behind the Jugular Vein)

35
Q

Path of pupil innervation for Parasympathetic

A

Edinger-Westphal Nucleus - Preganglionic

Ciliary Ganglion (synapse)

Sphinctor Pupillae

36
Q

Damage to optic nerve

A

Damaged eye will have a consentual response

Damaged eye will not have a direct response and will not ilicit a consentual response.

No direct or consensual response of opposite eye if light is shined in eye. Consensual response if light is shined in unaffected eye

37
Q

Damage to oculomotor nerve

A

damaged pupli will not constrict with light in either eye

Will ilicit a consentual response with light in the damaged eye.

No direct response to light in affected eye. No consensual response for light in unaffected eye.

38
Q

Near Reflex Triad

A

1- The Medial Rectus M moves eyes toward midline

2- The pupils dialate to assist in keeping focus

3- The lenses are thickened to keep object in focus

39
Q

oculomotor nerve damage

A
  • -Mydriasis (dilated pupil) -damage to input from ciliary ganglion
  • -Ptosis (drooping eyelid) -lack of innervation to levator palpebrae
  • -Eye is deviated down and lateral - lack of innervation to medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique
  • -Near response impaired -lack of innervation to ciliary muscle for accommodation, lack of input to sphincter pupillae for pupil constriction, lack of input to medial rectus for convergence
40
Q

Signs of trochlear nerve damage

A

hypertropia and extorsion of the affected eye.

This causes the patient to tilt their head and tuck their chin to keep the eyes aligned.

Contralateral inervation - right side affected = left side nerve.

41
Q

Damage to the abducens nerve

A

inability to abduct the affected eye, affecting the primary position of the eye and the ability to gaze laterally. Leftward gaze ok Primary position of right eye shifted nasally Inability to abduct affected eye

42
Q

abducens nucleus damage

A

Damage to the abducens nucleus on one side will cause a lateral gaze palsy of both eyes because of the interconnections between the abducens nucleus and the oculomotor nucleus.

43
Q

Saccades

A

changing the line of sight to place the retinal image of visual targets onto the fovea. They are characterized by rapid changes in eye position

44
Q

Smooth pursuit

A

continuously changes the line of sight to minimize blurring of the target’s retinal image. These movements are characterized by smooth and continuous changes in eye position (ramp in eye position trace) involving lower eye velocities (smooth step in eye velocity trace).

45
Q

mesencephalic reticular formation or MRF

A

midbrain center related to vertical movements

46
Q

the paramedian pontine reticular formation or PPRF

A

pontine center related to horizontal movements

47
Q

left frontal eye field and the left superior colliculus respond to signals in the

A

Right Hemifield

48
Q

The right frontal eye field and the left superior colliculus respond to signals in the

A

Left Hemifield

49
Q

paramedian pontine reticular formation activates the ?

A

ipsilateral abducens nucleus - oculomotor nucleus on the opposite side to mediate a conjugate contraction of the lateral rectus and medial rectus.

50
Q

Frontal eye field damage can cause gaze preference toward ? Why

A

the side of the lesion, - due to an imbalance of activity in the left and right PPRF.

51
Q

Strabismus

A

(misalignment of eyes, 2% of children), can result in amblyopia (brain ignores input from one eye

52
Q

Nystagmus,

A

initiation of smooth pursuit or saccades

53
Q

Cortex/basal ganglia

A

Problems with voluntary eye movements. Initiating saccades and/or suppressing unwanted saccades (Huntington’s and Parkinson’s disease) Difficulties with smooth pursuit movements (Schizophrenia)

54
Q

Path of Sympathetic Pupile innervation

A

Ciliospinal Center

Superior Cervial Ganglion

Travel Through the Cilicary Ganglion

Dialator Pupillae

Nuro (9 decks)

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