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PCM Final > Eye Exam > Flashcards

Eye Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps of the eye exam?

A
  1. Visual acuity and visual fields
  2. Pupils
  3. External eye exam
  4. Extraocular muscles
  5. Fundus exam
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2
Q

Preferred visual acuity test?

A

“Snellen chart”

  • Ptn 20 ft. w/ glasses and eye covered
  • Move closer if cannot read
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3
Q

Numerator and denominator in vision scale?

A

Numerator: distance in ft. that pt is positioned from chart
Denominator: distance at which a person with normal vision would be able to read same line

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4
Q

What is presbyopia?

A
  • Normal impairment of near vision that comes with age is

- Result of progressive thickening of lens so it can no longer accommodate

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5
Q

What to do if visual field defect noted?

A
  • Test one eye at a time
  • Slowly move fingers in, noting where defect is located
  • Assuming your field is normal- pt with normal vision would see your fingers the same time you do
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6
Q

What is Humphrey Automated Perimetry?

A

a. More sophisticated test of visual field if defects are suspected
b. Done in an ophthalmologist’s office

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7
Q

What causes Horizontal defect?

A
  • Occlusion of branch of central retinal artery

- Ischemia of optic nerve

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8
Q

What is blind right eye?

A
  • Lesion of optic nerve producing unilateral blindness
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9
Q

What is bitemporal hemianopsia?

A
  • Lesion at optic chiasm
  • Fibers originate in nasal half of each retina
  • Visual loss to temporal side of each field
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10
Q

Homonymous hemianopsia?

A
  • Lesion of optic tract
  • Interrupts fibers originating on same side of both eyes
  • Visual loss of half of each field
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11
Q

What is anisocoria?

A
  • Pupillary inequality
  • > 0.5 mm considered normal
  • Unilateral blindness does not cause if PS and symp are normal to both eyes
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12
Q

What is tonic pupil?

A

“Adie’s pupil”

  • Unilateral large, regular pupil
  • Diminished rxn to light
  • Slow accommodation = blurred vision
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13
Q

What is oculomotor nerve paralysis?

A
  • Dilated pupil fixed to light
  • Ptosis of upper eyelid
  • lateral Deviation of eye
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14
Q

What is horner’s syndrome?

A
  1. Ptosis
  2. Anhydrosis
  3. Miosis
    * **Congenital, effected pupil is lighter
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15
Q

What are argyll robertson pupils

A
  • Seen in CNS syphilis

- Small, irregular pupils that accommodate but do not react to light

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16
Q

What is seen in unilateral blindness with PS and symp in tact?

A
  • Light directed in seeing eye produces direct rxn and consensual in blind eye
  • Light in blind eye causes zero response in either
17
Q

Possible causes of ptosis?

A
  1. Myasthenia gravis
  2. Oculomotor damage
  3. Horner’s: damage to sympathetic
  4. Age
18
Q

What is ENTROpion?

A
  • Inward turn of lid margin allowing lashes to irritate cornea and conjunctiva
  • Commonly seen in elderly
19
Q

What is ECTROpion?

A
  • Margin of lower lid turns out exposing conjunctiva
  • Poor drainage leads to tearing
  • Common in elderly
20
Q

What is Exophthalmos?

A
  • Wide eyed stare from retracted lids
  • Sclera can be seen between iris and lid iris
  • Can be sign of hyperthyroidism
21
Q

What is bowing forward of the iris that casts a shadow toward nose indicative of?

A

Narrow angle glaucoma

22
Q

What is episcleritis?

A

Localized inflammation of episcleral vessels

23
Q

What is pinguecula?

A

Harmless yellow triangular conjunctival nodule on either side of iris

24
Q

What is chalazion?

A
  • Painless nodule on lid involving blocked gland

- In contrast to a sty, this points inward

25
Q

What is xanthelasma?

A
  • Raised yellowish plaques along eyelids

- May accompany lipid disorders

26
Q

What is dacryocystitis?

A
  • Inflammation of lacrimal sac

- Painful swelling between lower eyelid and nose

27
Q

What is exo/esotropia?

A

i. Exotropia = an outward deviation of one or both eyes

ii. Esotropia = an inward deviation of one or both eyes

28
Q

What is nystagmus?

A

Involuntary eye movement acquired in infancy or later in life, that may result in reduced or limited vision

29
Q

How do damage to nerve 3,4,6 manifest?

A

3rd nerve palsy: Affected eye is down and out
4th nerve palsy: Affected eye is up and in
6th nerve palsy: Affected eye cannot move laterally

30
Q

Innervation and direction of movement of major eye muscles?

A

i. LR6, SO4, all the rest 3
ii. IO, UO, SO DO
» Inferior oblique: up and out
» Superior oblique: down and out

31
Q

How does normal eye perform on convergence test?

A

Can follow object w/in 5-8cm of nose

32
Q

What is Papilledema?

A

Edema of optic disc due to - intracranial pressure

No clear optic disc margins

33
Q

What is Increased cup to disc ratio is indicative of?

A

Glaucoma

34
Q

What are cotton wool spots indicative of?

A

Hypertensive retinopathy

35
Q

What is Atrophy and pigmentation in the macula indicative of?

A

Age related macular degeneration

36
Q

What is Exudates leaking out of irregular blood vessels indicative of?

A

Diabetic retinopathy

PCM Final (14 decks)

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