Eye Conditions Flashcards
What are the two main etiologies of dry eye disease? What do they further branch out to?
- aqueous deficient (not enough tears produced) -> SJS & non-SJS
- evaporative -> intrinsic, extrinsic
What are the four main types of ingredients in eye drops for dry eye?
- hydrogels
- hyaluronic acid
- glycerin
- oil containing eye ointment
How do hydrogels work?
- polymers swell up in water & retain moisture
- mucous adhesive (tears stay longer on the eye)
How does hyaluronic acid work?
- increase tear film stability by increasing tear film viscosity & thickness
- retain water on ocular surface & improve lubrication
How does glycerin work?
- lubricant
- anti-inflammatory properties: soothe puffiness & decrease discomfort around eye
How does oil containing eye ointments work?
- create a film over the eye -> prevent evaporation
What are the 5 types of hydrogels?
- carboxyl methylcellulose (CMC)
- hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose (HPMC; hypromellose)
- polyethylene glycol (PEG)
- polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
- carbomer
What antihistamines are used in eye drops?
- pheniramine
- olopatadine
- ketotifen
What decongestant is used in eye drops?
- naphazoline
- phenylephrine
- tetrahydrozoline HCl
What can be used for allergic conjunctivitis?
- antihistamine
- decongestant
- mast cell stabiliser (sodium cromoglicate)
Possible supplements for dry eye and general eye health?
dry eye:
- EPA from omega 3 & arachidonic acid from omega 6 fatty acids
- vitamin A
general eye health
- lutein
- zeaxanthin
What kind of preparation requires preservatives and why?
multi-dose artificial tears, to prevent microbial growth
When should preservative-free eye products be considered?
- pt has documented allergy to preservative
- pt uses more than 4-6 eye drops containing preservatives a day & the next line lubricating choices are not available
- pt recovering from eye surgery
Which preservative causes irritation to eye?
paraben
Can BAK preservative be used with contact lens?
no
How long apart to space the administration of different eye products?
5 min
Should drops, gels or ointments be used first?
drops -> gel -> ointment
In which patients are topical vasoconstrictor with antihistamine CI?
pt with narrow angle glaucoma
What treatment options are available for open angle glaucoma and how do they work?
- prostaglandins (latanaprost): increase outflow
- BB (timolol): decrease aqueous humour production
- alpha agonist (brimonidine): decrease aqueous humour production, then increase outflow
- carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (acetazolamide): decrease aqueous humour production
- cholinergic agents (pilocarpine): increase outflow
