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PNS > Eye > Flashcards

Eye Flashcards

1
Q

What color is the optic disc?

A

White/yellow

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2
Q

What is the nerve supply to the eyeball?

A

Branches of the nasocillary nerve of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal
Sympathetic from cavernous plexus
Parasympathetic fibers form ciliary ganglion

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3
Q

What modified sebaceous gland secretes an oily substance that covers tears and reduced evaporation of them?

A

Tarsal glands

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4
Q

What is the colored part of the eye?

A

Iris

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5
Q

What structure of the eye does the neural crest mesenchyme give rise to?

A

Fibrous coats (sclera)

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6
Q

What germ layer gives rise to the lens?

A

Surface ectoderm

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7
Q

Lens gets harder with age making near vision harder. What’s the name for this>

A

Presbyopia

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8
Q

There are many tiny ________ in the _______ that allow structures to pass through (within the eye)

A

Openings, sclera

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9
Q

What is the points where the optic nerve attaches to the eyeball?

A

Optic disc

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10
Q

What arteries in the eye dont have an accompanying venous supply?

A

Short ciliary arteries (6-12)

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11
Q

Where do the 6-8 anterior ciliary arteries arch?

A

Over (3-4) and under (3-4) the eyeball

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12
Q

What maintains the shape if the pressure inside eye increases?

A

Sclera

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13
Q

One long ____ _____ artery on each side (medial and lateral) of the eyeball and run between the sclera and choroid

A

Posterior ciliary A.

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14
Q

What is the white part of the eye called?

A

Sclera

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15
Q

What does increasing the convexity of the lens do?

A

Allows us to see near vision

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16
Q

What does the external plexiform layer contain?

A

Rods and cones synapsing with bipolar cells

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17
Q

What nerve does the central retinal artery travel with?

A

Optic N

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18
Q

The cornea consists of ____ layers. What are they from anterior to posterior?

A

5

  1. Corneal epithelium
  2. Anterior limiting Lamina
  3. Substantia propria
  4. Posterior limiting Lamina
  5. Endothelium
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19
Q

What two structures of the eye does the neuroectoderm give rise to?

A

Retina

Pigmented structures

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20
Q

What does the lens separate?

A

Anterior segment from posterior segment

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21
Q

What are cataracts?

A

Lens becomes less transparent

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22
Q

___-___, _____ _____ arteries enter the eyeball on the posterior surface forming a ring around the optic N

A

6-12 short ciliary arteries

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23
Q

The fovea centralis is in the middle of what structure?

A

Macula lutea

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24
Q

What has fibers that are arranges circumferentially that constrict the pupil?

A

Sphincter pupillae

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25
Q

The cornea is convex/concave to the anterior?

A

Convex

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26
Q

What does the dark pigment of the choroid (first layer of the vascular tunic) help with?

A

Pigment limits passage of lights through sclera to retina and retina to sclera

(Passage from structure anterior to it and to its strong attachment)

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27
Q

Is the lens vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular

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28
Q

What are the functions of the ciliary body?

A

Suspend the lens, produce GAGs in the anterior segment of the eye and produce GAGs of the vitreous body

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29
Q

What is the darker area of the eye in the center of the fundus?

A

Macula lutea

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30
Q

What do the long ciliary N supply?

A

Sensory for ciliary body, iris and cornea

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31
Q

What is the first layer of the cornea and what is it continuous with?

A

Corneal epithelium
Conjunctiva
(Recall the sclera is lined with conjunctiva anteriorly)

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32
Q

What enter the eyeball at the optic disc?

A

Major blood vessels

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33
Q

What colors does the iris Range from?

A

Blue to dark brown

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34
Q

Within the vitreous body there’s a hyaloid canal which in the fetus connected what? What did it contain?

A

Optic nerve and posterior aspect of the lens. It contained the fetal hyaloid A.

No functional purpose in adults

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35
Q

What does the nerve fiber layer contain?

A

Retinal ganglion cell axons

NOT myelinated

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36
Q

What is in the middle of the macula lutea?

A

Fovea centralis

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37
Q

What are the four refractory components of the eyeball?

A

Cornea
Aqueous humor
Lens
Vitreous body

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38
Q

What are the ten layers of the retina?

A
  1. Pigmented layer/cementing layer
  2. (photosensitive area) Rods/cones
  3. External limiting membrane
  4. Outer nuclear layer
  5. Outer plexiform layer
  6. Inner nuclear layer
  7. Inner plexiform layer
  8. Ganglion cell layer
  9. Nerve fiber layer
  10. Internal limiting membrane
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39
Q

What do the short ciliary N supply?

A

Sensory to the eyeball

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40
Q

What is the second layer of the vascular tunic?

A

Ciliary body

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41
Q

What two structures of the eye does the surface ectoderm give rise to?

A

Lens

Cornea

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42
Q

What does the inner nuclear layer contain?

A

Cell bodies of bipolar cells

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43
Q

What is special about the optic disc?

A

NO photoreceptors

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44
Q

What does the internal limiting membrane separate?

A

Retina from the vitreous body

Retina outside/ vitreous body inside

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45
Q

What are the three parts of the middle tunic of the eye, the vascular tunic?

A

Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris

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46
Q

What gives rise to the retina?

A

Neuroectoderm

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47
Q

What is the outermost layer of the eye?

A

Fibrous tunic

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48
Q

What muscle is found within the ciliary body?

A

Ciliary muscle

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49
Q

The lacrimal sac is found in a ______ between the _____ _____ and the ______. It is the most superior part of the __________ _____

A

Groove between the lacrimal bone and maxilla

Nasolacrimal duct

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50
Q

What does the nervous tunic/retina contact?

A

Choroid externally and vitreous body internally

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51
Q

What does the vitreous body fill?

A

Posterior segment

52
Q

What does the iris divide?

A

The anterior segment into anterior and posterior chambers

53
Q

What layers contain cell bodies?

A

Outer nuclear layer
Inner nuclear layer
Ganglion cell layer

54
Q

What muscle will cause the pupil to become larger when it contracts?

A

Dilator pupillae

55
Q

Anteriorly, the sclera transitions into the _______ at the _______

A

Cornea

Limbus

56
Q

What does the ganglion cell layer contain?

A

Ganglion cells

57
Q

Increasing the convexity/concavity of the lens allows for near vision?

A

Convexity

Lens is biconvex

58
Q

_________ sympathetic fibers from the ______ _____ pass through the _______ _____ and reach the _____ and _____ _____ muscles of the eye

A

Postganglionic
Cavernous plexus
Ciliary ganglion
Ciliary and dilator pupillae muscles

59
Q

What attach to the sclera?

A

Extraocular muscles

60
Q

What type of fibers is the sphincter pupillae innervated by?

A

Parasympathetic

61
Q

What germ layer gives rise to the cornea?

A

Surface ectoderm

62
Q

What type of fibers innervate the dilator pupillae?

A

Sympathetic

63
Q

What is the ciliary body continuous with anterior and posterior?

A

Anterior with iris

Posterior with choroid

64
Q

Tarsal glands are located in ____ _____ and are _____ _____ glands that secrete an ____ substance that _____ tears upon blinking

A

Each eyelid
Modified sebaceous
Oily
Cover

65
Q

Lacrimal ducts are found in each eyelid ____ and ____ to the eyeball. they drain tears into the _____ _____

A

Below and medial

Lacrimal sac

66
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain tears to?

A

Inferior nasal meatus

67
Q

What muscles do the sympathetic fibers from the cavernous plexus supply within the eye?

A

Dilator pupillae and ciliaris (convex- near vision)

68
Q

What does the lacrimal apparatus consist of?

A

Lacrimal gland, duct and sacs

69
Q

What is the pathway the aqueous humor takes after it is secreted by the ciliary bodies?

A

Secreted into posterior chamber, pass through pupil into anterior chamber, travels laterally and leaves through scleral venous sinus

70
Q

What is the area of clearest vision in the eye?

A

Macula lutea

71
Q

What is the only blood supply to the retina?

A

Central retinal A

72
Q

What is the function of the sclera?

A

Maintains shape if pressure inside eye increases

73
Q

Anteriorly the sclera transitions into the cornea at the limbus and is lined with ______

A

Conjunctiva

74
Q

What produces some GAGs of the vitreous body?

A

Ciliary body

75
Q

______ parasympathetic fibers from the ____ _____ follow a similar path to the ______ and ____ ____ muscles

A

Postganglionic
Ciliary ganglion
Ciliaris and sphincter pupillae muscles

76
Q

How is the choroid attached to the sclera?

A

Choroid is loosely attached to the sclera EXCEPT where the optic nerve penetrates it.

Choroid is firmly attached to the sclera where the optic nerve penetrates it.

77
Q

What is the clear, transparent part of the fibrous tunic?

A

Cornea

78
Q

What is the function of the tarsal glands covering tears in an oily coat upon blinking?

A

Reduces evaporation of tears

79
Q

What is a clear fluid secreted by the ciliary processes on the posterior aspect of the ciliary body?

A

Aqueous humor

80
Q

What photoreceptors are found within the macula lutea?

A

Cones

81
Q

The _____ _____ artery travels via the optic N and spreads out into an extensive network.

A

Central retinal artery

82
Q

What does the inner plexiform layer contain

A

Bipolar cells synapsing with ganglion cells

83
Q

What are the two retinal structures visible upon funduscopic exam?

A

Optic disc

Macula lutea

84
Q

What is the fourth layer of the cornea?

A

Posterior limiting lamina

85
Q

Posteriorly, the sclera is continuous with a ______ ______ that covers CN __?

A

Fibrous sheath

CN II

86
Q

Glaucoma results from increased pressure where?

A

Anterior segment (anterior/posterior chamber)

87
Q

How many short ciliary arteries of the eye are there?

A

6-12

88
Q

__-__ _____ ____ arteries arch over or under the eyeball

A

6-8 anterior ciliary arteries

89
Q

Cornea is the anterior/posterior part of the outermost fibrous tunic?

A

Anterior

90
Q

All arteries to the eyeball are branches of what artery?

A

Opthalamic

91
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

Lens gets harder with age—harder to see close

92
Q

Contraction of what muscle allows the lens to become more convex and allow near vision?

A

Ciliary muscle

93
Q

What is the most anterior, PRIMARY refractory structure of the eye?

A

Cornea

94
Q

What two muscles do the parasympathetic fibers for the eye supply?

A

Ciliaris and sphincter pupillae

95
Q

What is the third layer of the cornea? And what is significant about it?

A

Substantia propria

Is is the largest part of the cornea

96
Q

What are the blood vessels of the choroid (first layer of the vascular tunic) primarily supplied by? And what affect may they have?

A

Autonomic, vasomotor fibers

Cooling effect

97
Q

6-12 short ciliary arteries enter the eye on the posterior surface and from what where?

A

A ring around the optic nerve

98
Q

The long posterior ciliary A in the eye runs between what two structures?

A

Sclera and choroid

99
Q

Describe the pigmentation of the choroid (first layer of vascular tunic)?

A

Darkly pigmented

100
Q

What suspends the lens?

A

The ciliary body

101
Q

Is the first layer of the vascular tunic, choroid, thin or thick and does it have a good or poor blood supply?

A

Thin, good blood supply

102
Q

What results from increase pressure within the anterior segment (anterior and posterior chamber) of the eye?

A

Glaucoma

103
Q

What produces aqueous fluid found in the anterior segment of the eye?

A

Ciliary body

104
Q

What germ layer gives rise to the pigmented structures?

A

Neuroectoderm

105
Q

Embryologically speaking the eye is derived from which germ layer?

A

Ectoderm

106
Q

The nasolacrimal duct drains tears from the ____ ____ into the _____ _____ _____

A

Lacrimal sac into the inferior nasal meatus

107
Q

What is the result of contraction of the ciliary muscle?

A

Allows the lens to become more convex, allowing near vision

108
Q

What is the fifth layer of the cornea? And where does it cover?

A

Endothelium

Inside surface of the cornea and lines the iridocorneal layer

109
Q

What two things make up the outermost fibrous tunic of the eye?

A

Sclera, cornea

110
Q

What are the branches of the nasociliary N of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal supply the eye?

A

Long ciliary N

Short ciliary N

111
Q

What two muscles are found within the iris and what do they do?

A

Sphincter pupillae
Dilator pupillae
Control the size of the pupil

112
Q

The aqueous humor is secreted into the ______ ______, passes through the _____ into the ______ _____ and then travels laterally, leaving the eye through the _____ ______ ______

A

Posterior chamber (part of the anterior segment)
Through pupil
Anterior chamber
Scleral venous sinus

113
Q

What is an outgrowth of the diencephalon, so therefore it can be considered a specialized portion of the brain? **

A

Nervous tunic/retina

114
Q

Openings in the sclera allow what structures to pass through?

A

Blood vessels and neurons

115
Q

What is it called when the lens becomes less transparent?

A

Cataracts

116
Q

____ ____ vein travels alongside the central retinal A (only supply to retina)

A

Central retinal

117
Q

What part of the outermost fibrous tunic of the eye is thick, dense, firm and opaque?

A

Sclera (neural crest mesenchyme derived)

118
Q

How many coats/tunics make up the eye? And what are they?

A

3

Fibrous, vascular, nervous/retina

119
Q

Where is aqueous humor secreted?

A

The posterior chamber
(Part of the anterior segement-posterior to iris)

Iris segments anterior segment to anterior/posterior chamber

120
Q

Photoreceptors synapse with ____ ______ layer cells (bipolar cells) that relay information to the ____ _____ cells (multipolar cells) that carry information to the _____ ____ _____ that form the optic radiation and synapse in ____ _____ _____ of the occipital lobe

A

Inner nuclear
Ganglionic layer
Lateral geniculate body
Brodmann area 17

121
Q

_____ _____ veins travel accompany anterior ciliary arteries(6-8)

A

Anterior ciliary

122
Q

The lacrimal glands are located _______ to the eyeball and secrete _______ that are carried to the surface of the eye by _____ ______

A

Superolaterally
Tears
Excretory ducts

123
Q

What germ layer gives rise to the fibrous coats (sclera)?

A

Neural crest mesenchyme

124
Q

What does the outer nuclear layer contain?

A

Rod and cone cell bodies

125
Q

______ ____ ____ veins travel with the long posterior ciliary arteries (Bowen sclera/choroid)

A

Posterior ciliary Veins

126
Q

What is the second layer of the cornea?

A

Anterior limiting Lamina

PNS (8 decks)

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