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Micro > Eye > Flashcards

Eye Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the ectoderm.

A

-lens
-outer epithelium of cornea
-epithelium of palpebrae (eyelid)

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2
Q

Describe the mesoderm.

A

-corneal stroma
-sclera
-extraocular m
-ciliary m
-tunica vasculosa

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3
Q

Describe neuroectoderm.

A

-of diencephalon = forms optic cup that is connected by the optic stalk
-optic cup (2 layers) = retina + pigment epithelium
-optic stalk -> optic nerve

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4
Q

Describe the eyeball.

A

located in the orbit (bony socket of skull)
-lens
-3 layers
>outer fibrous tunic
>middle vascular (uveal) tunic
>inner retinal (neuroepithelial) tunic

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5
Q

Describe the adnexa.

A

accessory ocular structures
-palpebrae (eyelid)
-3rd eyelid & conjuctiva
-lacrimal apparatus

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6
Q

Describe the 3 tunics of the eye.

A
  1. Fibrous
    -sclera
    -cornea
    -limbus
  2. Vascular
    -iridocorneal angle
    -iris
    -ciliary body
    -choroid
  3. Neuroepithelial (retinal)
    -pigmented
    -neural layer
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7
Q

Describe sclera.

A
  1. Sclera
    -posterior portion of eye
    -white opaque layer
    >dense irregular CT

FUNCTIONS:
-protection
-shape
-insertion point for tendon of extraocular muscle

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8
Q

Describe Cornea.

A

-anterior portion
-avascular
-transparent
-supplied by sensory nerves (CN V)
-regen
-5 layers

Bulging top
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9
Q

Describe the 5 layers of the cornea.

A
  1. ae= anterior epithelium
  2. Anterior limiting lamina/subepithelial BM (supports lining epithelium)
  3. sp= substantia propria - corneal stroma (type 1 collagen)
  4. pl= posterior limiting membrane
    = Descemet’s membrane (supports endothelium)
  5. pe= posterior epithelium = corneal
    endothelium
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10
Q

Rat cornea picture.

A
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11
Q

What are the factors contributing to corneal transparency?

A
  1. Avascular
  2. Collagen
  3. Proteoglycans between collagen
  4. Na/K ATPase & carbonic anhydrase = pumps water out (located in anterior & posterior corneal epithelium)
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12
Q

Clinical relevance of cornea.

A

Corneal ulcers destroy the epithelium, stroma, & descemets membrane.

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13
Q

Describe Limbus.

A

-corneosclera junction
-where the sclera overlaps the cornea
-nutrition for cornea = micro vasculature of limbus & aqueous humor

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14
Q

Describe the corneoscleral junction (CSJ) of the limbus.

A

-(S) = limbus
-epithelium of limbus is continuous with the conjunctiva (C) that lines the eyelids
-(I) = iris
-(AC) = anterior chamber
-(PC) = posterior chamber

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15
Q

Vascular Tunic (picture).

A
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16
Q

Describe the iris.

A
  1. Stroma
    -pigmented
    -loose CT
    -iridial melanin = determines eye color
  2. Dilatory & sphincter pupillae m
  3. Posterior epithelium
    -iridic granules (corpora nigra) = in equine & ruminants at pupillary margins
  4. Iridcorneal angle (filtration/drainage)
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17
Q

Iris (picture).

A

AC = anterior chamber
PC = posterior chamber
CP = constrictor pupillae

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18
Q

Describe albinism.

A

-melanocytes present but no genes for tyrosinase
-red color of eyes due to RBCs
-lack of melanin pigment

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19
Q

Describe iridocorneal angle.

A

-convergence of corneoscleral junction (limbus), ciliary body, & iris
-composed of:
>pectinate lig
>trabecular network
>trabecular (aqueous) veins
-draining point for aqueous humor

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20
Q

Describe the ciliary body.

A

-anterior expansion of choroid at level of the lens
-mechanical & secretory
-ciliary muscle
>sm muscle
>contracts during accommodation, reduces tension of zonal at fibers of lens
>loose CT (elastic fibers, vessels, melanocytes)
>CN III

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21
Q

Describe the ciliary processes.

A

-base of iris
-epithelial surface
>2 layers of columnar
>nonpigmented - ion transport forming aqueous humor
>pigmented - BM extends to form zonular fibers that suspend the lens

Next to red.
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22
Q

Ciliary process & body picture.

A
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23
Q

Closer picture of ciliary process.

A
24
Q

Ciliary process picture.

A
25
Q

Ciliary body picture.

A

SL = suspensory lig
ICA = iridocorneal angle
CB = ciliary body

26
Q

What is the aqueous humor?

A

-anterior & posterior chamber
-nourish cornea & lens (glucose rich)
-maintain intraocular pressure
-formed by nonpigmented cells of ciliary process
-constant drain required at iridocorneal angle

27
Q

What is the drainage pathway of aqueous humor?

A

Posterior -> pupil -> anterior -> iridocorneal angle -> pectinate lig -> scleral venous plexus

28
Q

Describe the choroid.

A

-vascular
-nutrition for retina
-anterior = continuous w stroma of ciliary body
-external = connected to sclera
-internal = connected to retinal pigmented epithelium
-internal to vascular layer = tapetum lucidum

Dark area
29
Q

Choroid picture.

A
30
Q

Choroid picture with tapetum lucidum.

A
31
Q

Describe the 3 parts of the retina.

A
  1. Sensory/optical
    -contacts choroid
  2. Nonsensory/ciliary
    -inner nonpigmented
    -outer pigmented ciliary epithelium
  3. Nonsensory/iridal
    -posterior pigmented epithelium
32
Q

What nourishes the retina?

A

-vessels of choroid
-retinal vessels entering via optic disk

33
Q

Retina layer picture.

A
34
Q

Retina & chorid picture.

A

Retina = nerve tissue & cells are ‘nerve cells’

35
Q

Describe the sensory/optical retina layer.

A

-send visual image to brain
-10 layers
-held in place by vitreous body
-combined nerve fiber layer converge on optic disk to form optic nerve

36
Q

Describe the general concept of optical retina. (3 neurons in succession)

A
  1. Light passes through layers of retina & stimulates photoreceptor cells (rods & cones).
  2. Impulse is passed to bipolar neurons & then to ganglion cells.
  3. Axons of ganglion cells form nerve fiber layer. These layers converge at optic disk (papilla) & leave eye as CN II.

Additional cells:
-amacrine = interneurons
-horizontal = regulate input from photoreceptors
-muller = glial cells

37
Q

Describe the path of light & visual perception.

A

Path of light:
Tear film -> cornea -> aqueous humor -> pupil -> lens -> vitreous humor -> 8 layers of retina -> photoreceptors -> absorbed by retinal epithelium

Visual perception:
Visual impulse passes in reverse order from photoreceptor -> bipolar -> ganglion -> optic nerve -> brain

38
Q

Describe the retinal pigmented epithelium.

A

-outermost layer
-flat, polygonal cells resting on BM

FUNCTIONS:
-transport nutrients & metabolites to photoreceptor cells
-light absorption
-phagocytosis

39
Q

Describe the photoreceptor layer.

A

rods & cones have outer & inner segments connected through cilium
RODS:
-inner segment = long & thin
-flattened membranous disks
>pigment ‘rhodopsin’ (vit A) = vision in dim light
-120mil/retina

CONES:
-inner segment = broad base
-disks have ‘iodopsin’ = vision in bright light & color
-60mil/retina

40
Q

Fovea picture.

A
41
Q

Optic nerve picture.

A
42
Q

What is a Fundic exam?

A

Clinical method to evaluate retina.

43
Q

Describe the vitreous body.

A

-refractive media
-space between lens & retina (4/5th of eyeball)
-99% water
-rich in HCl Acid
-gel cortex & liquid center
-maintains shape & retinal apposition
-gelatinous, colorless, viscous fluid

Left = vitreous body & right = aqueous humor
44
Q

Describe the lens.

A

-refractive media
-surrounded by capsule (thick on anterior)
-suspended by zonular fibers from ciliary processes
-lose vascular supply after development
1. anterior epithelium
>simple cuboidal
>apical towards lens
>@ equator = elongate & differentiate into lens fibers
2. lens fibers
>prism shaped
>lack nuclei
>interdigitate
>gap junctions (transparent)
>differentiation & growth of lens

Dark pink center
45
Q

Ciliary process picture with zonular fibers.

A
46
Q

Lens capsule picture.

A
47
Q

Lens fibers picture.

A
48
Q

Differentiating & mature lens fibers picture.

A

lack nucleus & organelles when mature

49
Q

Describe conjuctiva.

A

pseudostratified columnar or transitional epithelium that becomes stratified squamous near eyelid
[anemia detected by observation of mucous membrane = conjuctiva & 3rd eyelid]

50
Q

Describe the eyelid (palpebra/blepharon).

A

-conjunctiva
-cilia (eyelash)
-tarsal (meibomian) glands - sebaceous
-3rd eyelid (nictitating membrane)
-lacrimal (tear) apparatus
>lacrimal glands
>lacrimal sac
>nasolacrimal duct

51
Q

Conjuctiva picture.

A

Ce = conjunctival epithelium
G = goblet cells (palpebral conj)
Lp = lamina propria

52
Q

Eyelid (palpebra) picture.

A
53
Q

Describe the 3rd eyelid (nictitating membrane).

A

-protect eye by removing foreign material
-fold of conjuctiva formed by hyaline cartilage in ruminants & dogs & elastic cartilage in horse, pig, cat
-lined by conjunctiva
-aggregated lymphoid nodules located under conjunctival surface
-lacrimal gland = 30-50% of aqueous portion of tear film via multiple small ductules

54
Q

Describe lacrimal glands.

A

-tear film
-moisturizes, lubricates, protects eye
-tubuloalveolar seromucinous acini (A) = secretory cells filled with small granules
-myoepithelial cells (M) at base

55
Q

Describe the tear film layers.

A
  1. Oily
    -produced by meibomian (tarsal) gland
    -superficial layer
  2. Aqueous
    -sero-mucous produced by lacrimal gland
  3. Mucous
    -produced by goblet cells in conjuctiva
56
Q

Describe pecten in birds.

A

-special adaptation
-cartilage in sclera & ossicles
-bird & reptiles = pectin
>vascular structure that extends from optic disc to vitreous body = nourish inner eye & retina

Micro (18 decks)

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