Blood & Hematopoiesis Flashcards
What are the functions of whole blood?
-transport of water, solutes, cells
-temp regulation
-water balance/blood volume
Describe what whole blood is comprised of.
5-10% of body weight
-60% plasma (water, solutes)
-40% cells (RBCs, WBCs, PLTs)
Describe plasma/serum.
(Plasma has coagulation factors, serum does not - both are lipids)
-90% water
-8% proteins
-2% solutes (glucose, ions, electrolytes, etc)
proteins & solutes can be measured = can detect diseases
Describe blood cells, their amount, & life span.
- RBCs/erythrocytes = millions = months
- PLTs/platelets = hundred thousands = week
- WBCs/leukocytes = thousands = hours/days or years (memory cells)
Describe a blood smear prep.
H & E stain
-basophilic = acidic but stain basic (purple)
-eosinophilic = basic but stain acids (red)
Describe erythrocytes.
Function:
-carry O2 to tissue & CO2 to lungs
Shape:
-biconcave disc (birds, reptiles, camelids etc)
-flexible membrane
-high surface to volume ratio
—allows RBCs to pass through small capillaries
Describe the mean cell volume (MCV) of erythrocytes.
Dog = 70fL
Cat = 50fL
Horse = 45fL
Cow = 40fL
Describe fish, reptiles, amphibians, & bird erythrocytes.
-nucleated RBCs, WBCs, & thrombocytes (platelets)
EX: salamander, turtle, tilapia, eagle, viper
Describe leukocytes.
‘WBC’ or ‘TNCC’
Function: inflammation & immune response
EX: neutrophils (heterophils), lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
Describe neutrophils size, nucleus, & cytoplasm.
‘Granulocytes’
Size: 12um diameter
Nucleus: segmented (dense purple chromatin)
Cytoplasm: pale-staining, “neutral”
Describe heterophils size, nucleus, & cytoplasm.
Size: 12um diameter
Nucleus: segmented (dense purple chromatin)
Cytoplasm: red, rice shaped-round granules
Describe lymphocytes.
-found in blood, lymphatic circulation, lymphatic tissue
-no granules
-adaptive immune response
>humoral immunity: B cells, plasma cells
>cell mediated immunity: T cells
Describe lymphocytes size, nucleus, & cytoplasm.
Size: smaller than neutrophil (except in ruminants)
Nucleus: round-indented, dense/clumped chromatin
Cytoplasm: blue
*high N:C ratio
Describe monocytes.
-differentiate into macrophages in tissue
-mononuclear phagocytic system
>monocytes & tissue macrophages
>macrophages: spleen, liver (kupffer cells), lungs (alveolar macrophages), brain (microglial cells), bone (osteoclasts) etc
Functions:
-phagocytosis
-antigen presentation to T-lymphocytes
-iron storage & recycling
Describe monocytes size, nucleus, & cytoplasm.
Size: largest
Nucleus: round-kidney shaped, band shaped, pseudo segmented (chromatin is loose & magenta)
Cytoplasm: blue & vacuolated
Describe eosinophils.
low in blood
Function: modulate delayed & immediate types of hypersensitivity reactions
Describe eosinophils size, nucleus, & cytoplasm.
Size: similar to neutrophil
Nucleus: segmented w clumped chromatin
Cytoplasm: pale
*eosinophilic granules
>bright red/orange
>arg rich protein
>antibacterial & antiparasitic
Describe basophils.
-rare in healthy animals
-seen w eosinophils
-basophilic granules:
>contain histamine & other proteins
Describe basophils size, nucleus, & cytoplasm.
Size: larger than neutrophils
Nucleus: elongated, ribbon like, segmented
Cytoplasm: abundant amphophilic (lilac)
*purple granules
What is the function of the platelets?
-primary hemostasis (clotting)
-primary inflammatory response
Describe platelets size, nucleus, & cytoplasm.
Describe platelets size, nucleus, & granules.
varies w species
Size: 2-4um diameter
Nucleus: anucleate
Granules: red-purple
Describe avian, reptilian, amphibian, & fish thrombocytes.
-platelets are nucleated
Describe the components of bone marrow.
- Sinusoids
- Stromal cells
- Hematopoietic cells
- Macrophages
Describe sinusoids.
-lumen
-formed by discontinuous endothelial cells
Describe stromal cells.
-support structure of bone marrow
-made of: fatty cells, reticular cells, fibers
-occupy the space between stem cells & precursor cells
Describe hematopoietic cells.
‘Hemic tissue’
-stem cells (myeloid, pluripotent, lymphoid) & precursor cells
Describe macrophages in bone marrow.
-store iron
-moderate hematopoiesis
-regulate bone formation
What are the 2 macroscopic types of bone marrow?
- Red marrow:
-rich in hematopoietic cells
-produces all blood cells
-stores iron - Yellow marrow:
-richer in fatty tissue
-replaces red marrow
-aging change
Describe a bone marrow core biopsy.
-cellularity varies w age
>neonate = 100%, young = 80%, old = 25-50%
*lg arrow = boney trabeculae
*sm arrow = hematopoietic cells & adipocytes
Bone marrow sinusoidal capillaries (picture).
yellow lines
What is the definition of hematopoiesis?
Specialized cell precursors develop into differentiated cells of peripheral blood.
Describe the sites of hematopoiesis (post natal) in bone marrow.
-proximal end of femur & humerus *
-pelvis *
-sternum *
-ribs
-vertebrae
-scapulae
-skull
(Liver & spleen = very little)
* = most common
Describe erythropoiesis.
1-3 = proliferating & 4-6 maturation
1. Rubriblast
2. Prorubricyte
3. Rubricyte
4. Metarubricyte
5. Polychromatophilic
6. Mature RBC
[wright stain]
Describe granulopoiesis.
-in bone marrow
-regulated by (colony stimulating factors - CSF) & inflammatory cytokines
Describe the bone marrow aspirate maturation stages of granulopoietic cells.
- Myeloblast
- Promyelocyte
- Myelocyte
- Metamyelocyte
- Band neutrophil
- Segmented neutrophil
Describe thrombopoiesis. (Megakaryocytic maturation)
*lg arrow = megakaryoblast
*arrowhead = promegakaryocyte
*small thin arrow = mature megakaryocyte
Describe lymphopoiesis.
*arrows = plasma
* arrowheads = small lymphocytes
