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Micro > Cardio Pt.2 > Flashcards

Cardio Pt.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the CVS?

A

-maintain adequate blood flow (cardiac output)
-delivery O2, nutrients, hormones, electrolytes, H2O to tissues
-remove CO2 & other metabolic waste products
-maintain normal thermoregulation
-maintain normal glomerular filtration rate & urine output

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2
Q

Describe the normal vascular pattern.

A

Artery -> Arteriole -> metarteriole -> capillaries -> venue -> vein

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3
Q

Describe the 3 heart layers.

A

(In to out)
1. Endocardium (valves)
2. Myocardium (muscle)
3. Epicardium (visceral pericardium = sac)

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4
Q

Describe the endocardium. (Tunica intima)

A

-forms inner lining & valves
-similar to tunica intima of BV
-endothelial cells
-contact w blood
-imp for hemostasis

3 layers:
1. Endothelium
2. Basal lamina
3. Subendothelial CT

contain part of conductive system & Purkinje fibers

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5
Q

Describe purkinje fibers.

A

-located between endocardium & myocardium
-subendocardial layer
-contains small nerves
-cardiac cells joined by intercalated disks
-specialized for impulse conduction (rather than contraction)
-larger than contractile cardiac muscle fibers
-lg amounts of glycogen filling most of cytoplasm & displacing sparse myofibrils to periphery

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6
Q

Describe the micro anatomy of the valve & fibrous skeleton.

A

-fibrous skeleton = dense CT in endocardium
-valve = dense CT covered with thin layer of endothelium
>collagen rich CT = pale green

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7
Q

Describe cardiomyocytes.

A

-cross striated
-central single nucleus
-intercalated disks (gap junction + anchoring junctions)
-lipofuscin
-SR
-mitochondria
>20% cell volume
>requires O2
-low mitosis capacity (regen)

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8
Q

Describe myocardium. (Tunica media)

A

-LV myocardial thickness is thicker than right due to higher pressure on L side
-involuntary striated muscle
-sarcomere
-branched & connect via intercalated disks
-contain lg # mitochondria
-purkinje cells = modified cardiomyocyte that function in conduction
-regulates diameter & tone (vasodilation & vasoconstriction)

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9
Q

Describe the epicardium. (Tunica adventitia)

A

-outer surface (visceral pericardium)
-covered by mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
>mesothelial layer lines opposing parietal surface of pericardial sac
>secrete serous fluid that lubes movement of epicardium on opposite parietal pericardium
-thin layer of dense CT
-thick layer of adipose with blood vessels (coronary arteries & veins)
-continuous with endocardium at level of endocardial cushion

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10
Q

Describe the cardiac skeleton.

A

-4 dense bands of fibrous CT encircle base of pulmonary trunk, aorta & AV valves = structural support
-triangular mass of fibrous CT “fibrous trigon” = connects aortic a. Ring & L & R atrioventricular rings.
>undergoes osseous differentiation & forms the “Os cordis” = seen in cattle

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11
Q

Describe the classifications of vessels.

A
  1. Arteries
    -elastic, muscular, arterioles
  2. Capillaries
    -continuous, fenestrated, discontinuous/sinusoids
  3. Veins
    -venules
  4. Lymphatic vessels
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12
Q

Describe the layers of vessels.

A

INNERMOST: tunica intima
-endothelium, internal elastic membrane, subendothelial CT
MIDDLE: tunica media
-smooth muscle & elastic fibers
OUTERMOST: tunica adventitia/externa
-collagen, BV, nerves, capillaries

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13
Q

Describe the function of the vascular endothelium.

A

-role in hemostasis
-modulates perfusion
-role in inflammation

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14
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

-physiological response to vascular damage
-seal injured vessel to prevent blood loss
-maintains blood flow

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15
Q

Describe the elastic artery (ex. Aorta)

A

-tunica intima (endothelium + loose CT)
-tunica media (elastic lamellae)
-tunica adventitia (vasa vasorum = supply nutrition to tunica media)

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16
Q

Describe muscular arteries. (Ex. Femoral artery)

A

-tunica media = smooth muscle (THICKEST)
-round appearance

17
Q

Describe arterioles.

A

-1 to 3 layers of smooth muscle
-effect on BP
-nuclei bulge into lumen
-round appearance
-no internal elastic membrane in small arterioles with one smooth muscle cell
-metarteriole = terminal vessel w precapillary sphincters that regulate flow to capillary bed

18
Q

Describe capillaries.

A
  1. Thin walled tubules of mesenchymal origin (one endothelial cell rolled into a tube form) simple squamous cells
  2. Site of exchange between blood & surrounding tissue
  3. Diameter 7-9 Um & length 0.25-1mm
    adrenal cortex, kidney medulla = 5-10 cm long

Capillary wall impermeable to proteins & blood cells, but permeable to: O2, CO2, ions, water, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, hormones.

19
Q

Describe pericytes (Roujet Cells)

A

-mesenchymal-like cells that wrap around endothelium of capillaries & venules
-communicate with endothelial cells by contact & paracrine signaling
-maintain homeostatic & BBB
-proliferate after injury
-stem cell source
-imp in angiogenesis -> new formation of vessels

20
Q

Describe the classification of capillaries.

A
  1. Continuous =
    -most common
    -found in muscle, bone, brain, lung (BBB & BTB)
  2. Fenestrated =
    -tissues w fluid exchange
    -intestinal villi, choroid plexus, ciliary process, glomerular capillaries
  3. Discontinuous (sinusoidal) =
    -hepatic & splenic sinusoids
    -lg molecules can exit (RBC in spleen)
    -bone marrow & lymph nodes
21
Q

Describe the structure of continuous capillaries.

A
  1. Nucleus of endothelial cell
  2. Pinocyototic vesicles
  3. Tight junctions
  4. Basement membrane
22
Q

Describe renal corpuscle (glomerulus).

A

-tight coiled network of fenestrated capillaries
-filtration of plasma
-RBC stained orange

23
Q

Describe podocytes.

A

lining bowman’s capsules (nephrons)
-prevent protein & other lg molecules from being filtered
-foot processes (pedicels) extend & wrap around capillaries of glomerulus to form filtration slits
-pedicels increase the area of cells = ultrafiltration

24
Q

Describe discontinued capillaries (sinusoids).

A

-lg and irregular lumen
-lining endothelium is discontinued & fenestrated
-basal lamina absent (discontinuous)

25
Q

Describe venules.

A

-“postcapillary venules”
-leaky vessels
-no smooth muscle
-leukocyte diapedesis possible
-5 mm Hg pressure

26
Q

Describe vein VS artery.

A

-lg, wide lumen, thin walls compared to arteries
-valves
-thin tunica media in veins
-tunica adventitia = thickest tunica
-lg veins may have vasa vasorum

27
Q

Describe lymphatic vessels.

A

-complementary to CVS
-transport lymph throughout lymphatic system
-valves
-freely anastomose
-lined by endothelial cells
-thin layer of smooth muscles
-adventitia bind the lymph vessel to surrounding tissue
-low pressure
-no RBS = clear

Micro (18 decks)

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