Extrinsic Motivation and internalization Flashcards
Extrinsic Motivation
“do this to get that” behavioral contract. Arises from environmental incentives and consequences such as food, money, praise ect.
Operant conditioning
the process by which a person learns how to operate effectively in the environment. (learning to engage in behaviors that produce attractive consequences)
what is the SRC model
Situation, response and consequence model.
incentive
environmental event that attracts or repels a person toward or away from initiating a particular course of action. (incentives always proceed behavior, in doing so it creates an expectation that attractive or unattractive consequences are forthcoming)
Reinforcer
any environmental object or events that increases behavior
Why do reinforces increase behavior
- Decreases drive
- Increases arousal
- Increases Arousal
- It is attractive to the person
- it feels good
- it makes it possible to do something fun
What are the three types of consequences?
Positive reinforcers, negative reinforcers and publishers
Positive reinforcer
any environmental stimulus that when presented increwases the future probability of the desired behavior. approval, paychecks and trophies are positive reinforcers
Rewards
An extrinsic rewards is any offering from one person given to another person in exchange for his or her service or achievement. Rewards sometimes do an do not work, rewards are best seen as potential motivators.
What is the distinction between rewards and reinforcers
he distinction is that all positive reinforcers are rewards, while only some rewards function as positive reinforcers (because not all rewards increase behavior). That is, rewards sometimes do and sometimes do not work.
Do rewards work
Rewards do work, rewards increase desired behavior, however as rewards become increasingly predictable they lose their trigger to trigger dopamine and hence lose their capacity to energize reward-directed behavior
Negative reinforcer
is any environmental stimulus that, when removed increases the future probability of the desired behavior. like positive reinforcers, negative reinforcers increase behavior. unlike positive reinforcers, negative reinforcers are aversive, irritating stimuli. e.g. alarm clock makes people get out of bed.
Punisher
any environmental stimulus that when presented decreases the future probability of the undesired behavior.
do punishers work?
no punishers do not work
Intrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation is the inherent desire to seek out novelty and challenge to explore and investigate, and to scratch and extend one capacaties. (people experience intrinsic motivation because they have psychological needs. intrinsic motivation is the expression of psychological need satisfaction
What does an individual that is intrinsically motivated do
the task the person is engaged in provides a steady stream of opportunities for the person to feel free (autonomy), effective (competence) and emotionally close (relatedness). When people feel these three they express their intrinsic motivation by saying things like thats fun
The hidden const of reward
Rewards adverse effect on intrinsic motivation
Intended effects of using rewards
-produces compliance
Unintended side effects of using rewards
- Undermines intrinsic motivation
- interferes with the quality and process of learning
- interferes with the capacity for autonomous self-regulation
Name the types of extrinsic motivation that do not have an effect on intrinsic motivation
verbal and symbolic
Name the type of exrinsic motivation types that do effect intrinsic motivation
rewards that people can touch, feel, and taste (tangible)
What are te four reasons not to use extrinsic motivators, even for uninterestic endeavors
- Extrinsic motivators still undermine the quality of performance and interfere with the process of learning
- Using rewards distracts attention away from asking the hard question of why another person is being asked to do an uninteresting task in the first place
- There are better ways to encourage participation than extrinsic bribery
- Extrinsic motivators still undermine the individuals long-term capacity for autonomous self-regulation
When are times you can use extrinsic motivation that will not effect intrinsic motivation?
When the task you want people to do is not intrinsically interesting
What is the general consensus of extrinsic motivators
they carry too high of a psychological price and developmental cost in terms of intrinsic motivation, learning, and autonomous self-regulation
Cognitive evaluation theory
theory presumes that people have psychological needs for autonomy and competence. Furthermore, it is the controlling aspect of an external event that affects the person’s need for autonomy, whereas it is the informational aspect that affects the person’s need for competence. The theory applies to the offering of incentives and rewards, but it also applies further to the offering of any and all external events.
What are the three propositions of cognitive evaluation theory
- external events that promote an internal perceived locus of causality (PLOC) promote autonomy and intrinsic motivation.
- External events that increase perceived competence promote intrinsic motivation, wheras events that decrease perceived competence undermine it.
- ties together the first two propositions together. The relative salience of whether an event is mostly controlling or mostly informational determines its effects on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Relatively controlling events undermine intrinsic motivation (via their harmful effect on autonomy) and promote extrinsic motivation. Relatively informational events increase intrinsic motivation (see page 122 if any issues understanding)
What is needed for intrinsic motivation to flourish
Both competence and autonomy must be high, and for both competence and autonomy to be high, the offered external event-such as praise or competition-needs to be presented in a way that is non-controlling and competence informing.
What are the four types of extrinsic motivation
- External regulation (incentives,consiquences)
- Introjected regulation (avoid guilt, boostself-esteem
- identified regulation (valuing, sense of importance)
- Integrated regulation (value congruence)
External regulation
behaviors that are performed to obtain a reward, avoid a punisher, or satisfy some external demand. (people whom are externally regulated find it hard to begin a a task)
Introjected regulation
involves taking in, but not truly accepting or self-endorsing, other peoples demands to think, feel, or behave in a particular manner.
identified regulation
person voluantarily accepts the merits and utility of a belief or behavior because that way of thinking or behaving is seen as personally important or useful. (e.g. the motivation to study and to practice are extrinsic yet freely chosen)
Integrated regulation
individuals fully transform previously identified values and behaviors into the self. integrated regulation is as much a developmental process as it is a type of motivation as it involves self-examination necessary to bring new ways of thinking, feeling and behaving. (e.g. i recycle because i am an environmentalist)
Internalization
The process through which an individual transforms a formerly externally prescribed regulation (rule), behavior, or value into an externally endorsed one. It is an acquisition (or socialization) process of taking in beliefs and behaviors from external sources (e.g., other people, media, the law). With internalization, a person might “take in” the police person’s regulation to stop the car fully at each stop sign, “take in” a parent’s prescribed behavior to brush one’s teeth for a full 30 seconds, or “take in” a society’s value for education or honesty. That is, the person voluntarily adopts the value, behavior, or regulation prescribed by other people (or society).
Integration
Further transformation of these internalized values, behaviors and regulations into the persons sense of self to the point that they actually arises from and emanate out of the self. With full integration, the person him-or herself-not the environment and not society-generates the value, behavior, or regulation.
What are external contingencies associated with?
poor functioning and unintended side effects.
What is one way to promote volitional engagement during and uninteresting activity
offer and explanatory rationale (a verbal explanation as to why putting forth effort during the otherwise uninteresting activity might actually be personally useful and important thing to do)
What does a good rationale do?
takes on the other persons perspective and provides useful information that the person does not already know.
Why does the provision of explanatory rationales work as a motivational strategy?
It can spark some degree of valuing, identified regulation, and internalization, and personal acceptance.
When is the best time to use the motivational strategy of providing an explanatory rationale
to activities that are truly uninteresting.
Interest-enhancing strategies
involves utilizing a number of different strategies to foster greater interest. e.g. setting a goal, embedding the activity within a fantasy context, or adding extra source of stimulation to the task such as playing music, working with a friend. In creating a goal to strive for, task engagement becomes more about achieving the goal than it does about the task itself.
Amotivation
Without motivation (person turns passive, ineffective (overwhelmed), and lacks purpose.
Motivational Apathy
people possess little or no reason to invest the energy and effort that is nessacary to learn or to accomplish something.
What are the three inter correlated aspects of Amotivation
- Lack of competence (I cannot obtain the desired result)
- Lack of autonomy (The task has no appeal or meaning to me)
- lack of relatedness (I have no sense of connection with others in the domain)
