Extras

Question 1

What are the acute phase proteins and what do they do.

Answer 1

C reactive and serum amyloid bind to bacteria cell wall

Man an binding lectins bind to mannose

Question 2

How do antibodies kill viruses?

Answer 2

Opsonisation
Prevent antigen from binding to receptor
Activating complement
Killed by NK

Question 3

Describe the action of opsonins

Answer 3

Antibody binds to antigen
Complement glycoproteins binds to pathogen
Activate neutrophils = phagocytosis

Question 4

What mechanisms do neutrophils use to kill pathogens?

Answer 4

Oxygen dependent and independent

Question 5

What are the roles of complements?

Answer 5

Opsonisation
Lysis
Clearing antigen-antibody complex
Inflammation

Question 6

What are the 2 types of mast cells?

Answer 6

Mucosal and connective

Question 7

What is an immunoglobulin domain?

Answer 7

Internal intrachain disulphide bonds

Question 8

What part of the variable region of the antibody binds to antigen?

Answer 8

Complementary determining verging at end of variable region

Question 9

What are isotypes and allotypes?

Answer 9

Isotypes = different constant regions 
Allotypes = different variable regions

Question 10

What enzymes is involved in the removal of unused segments of DNA?

Answer 10

V(D)J Recombinase

Question 11

What gene codes for VDJ Recombinase and what disease is caused by a deficiency of this gene?

Answer 11

Rag gene

SCID

Question 12

Describe T cell independent pathway

Answer 12

Log polysaccharide with repeating subunits bind to BCR

PAMPs also provide co-stimulation

Question 13

Describe the T dependent pathway

Answer 13

Dendritic and B cell present the same antigen to helper T
Helper T activated = clonal expansion
Activates B

Question 14

What improves the immune response for B cells between primary and secondary ?

Answer 14

Somatic hypermutation

Antigen maturation

Question 15

Describe the structure of MCH Class I

Answer 15

3 alpha chains and 1 beta microglobulin chain

Alpha chains are bigger and transmembrane

Question 16

Describe the structure of MCH Class II

Answer 16

2 alpha and 2 beta chains

All the same size and all transmembrane

Question 17

Describe antigen presentation by MHC class 1

Answer 17

Virus protein enters and fuses with proteosome
enters ER by TAP
MHC class 1 assembles
Chaperone protein aids folding of MHC

Question 18

MHC class II presentation

Answer 18

Antigen move to endocytic pathways
MHC class II enters ER
Associates with invariant chain 
Invariant chain digested leaving clip protein 
Replace clip protein with antigen

Question 19

2 ways of inducing apoptosis

Answer 19

Granzyme and perforin
Fas ligand binds to Fas receptor

Both release caspases

Question 20

What are the 2 phases in delayed type hypersensitivity

Answer 20

Sensitisation = initial exposure 
Effector = delayed response

Question 21

5 types of helper T

Answer 21

T helper 1=inflammation
T helper 2=activation of B
T helper 17=control bacteria
Follicular T helper= generate isotypes
T reg = regulatory

Question 22

Hypercytokinemia and sepsis?

Answer 22

Too much immune response
Hypercytokinemia = too many cytokines
Sepsis = bacteria in blood

Question 23

What is immunological tolerance ?

Answer 23

Specific unresponsiveness to antigens

Question 24

2 types of tolerance.

Answer 24

Central = destroy self reactive T and B before enter circulation 
Peripheral = destroy self reactive T and B that don’t reach circulation

Question 25

What does AIRE do?

Answer 25

Allow thymus expression of all genes

Question 26

Describe 4 mechanisms of peripheral tolerance

Answer 26

Anergy = ACP shuts down helper T
Deletion =apoptosis of helper T
Ignorance = no ACPs in some areas
Regulation = t reg regulate helper T

Question 27

What transcription factor do t reg express?

Answer 27

FoxP3