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Extracellular Matrix Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s the function of extracellular matrix?

A

1) structure
2) defense and protection (barrier)
3) nutrition (diffusion of metabolic fuels)
4) diffusion of gases, molecules and ions
5) cell growth and survival
6) cell migration
7) lubrication

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2
Q

What are the three ECM constituents?

A

ground substance, fibers, and elastic

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3
Q

What is in the ground substance of ECM?

A

1) glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
2) proteoglycans
3) water
4) adhesive glycoproteins

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4
Q

What are the fibers in ECM?

A

collagen, reticular (type III collagen), and elastic

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5
Q

What is the hallmark of tissue repair?

A

granulation tissue

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6
Q

How is granulation tissue characterized?

A

loose ECM with a lot of ground substance, very vascular, scattered collagen fibers, and edema from excess fluid. eventually formation of scar (dense collagenous tissue)

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7
Q

How does ECM drive the cell cycle?

A

more contact with ECM leads to an increased chance of cell division

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8
Q

Why does cell to cell contact inhibit cell division?

A

the contact between cells create a stable cellular environment (does not have contact with growth factors in ECM)

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9
Q

What is the another repair mechanism besides granulation tissue?

A

damaged cells are replaced by functionall cells if the ECM framework remains intact to structure cell growth. if ECM framework is lost, then granulation tissue repair is used

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10
Q

What happens to the hydrated state of tissue when there is excessive accumulation of glycosaminoglycans?

A

increases due to the negatively charged carboxyl groups (high affinity for water)

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11
Q

What are some glycosaminoglycans that exist in ECM?

A

1) dermatan sulfate
2) chondroitin sulfate
3) heparan sulfate
4) keratan sulfate
5) hyaluronic acid
6) heparin

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12
Q

Explain what could cause protrusion of the eyes in Grave’s disease.

A

increased deposition of glycosaminoglycans (chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid) in retro-orbital space

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13
Q

What is syndecan?

A

transmembrane proteoglycan that is a co-receptor for fibroblast growth factor (FGF), aids in controlling proliferation and differentiation

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14
Q

What is perlecan?

A

proteglycan in the dermal-epidermal junction, capillaries, and hair follicle. also help with proliferation and differentiation

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15
Q

What happens when the gene for perlecan is inactivated?

A

defective skeletal development. without perlecan, skeletal tissue is unable to develop and this leads to severe skeletal deformation

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16
Q

Where is fibronectin found?

A

connective tissue, blood plasma, and embryonic tissue

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17
Q

Where is laminin found?

A

basal lamina

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18
Q

Where is entactin found?

A

basal lamina

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19
Q

Where is tenascin found?

A

embryonic tissue

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20
Q

Where is chondronectin found?

A

cartilage

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21
Q

Where is osteonectin found?

A

bone

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22
Q

What happens when we disrupt fibronectin?

A

cells cannot differentiate

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23
Q

What is the most abundant type of collagen?

A

type I

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24
Q

What is another name for type III collagen?

A

reticular

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25
What type of collagen is found in dermis, tendon, bone, fibrocartilage, etc?
I
26
What type of collagen is found in hyaline an elastic cartilage?
II
27
What type of collagen is found in basal lamina?
IV
28
What type of collagen is found in dermis?
VII
29
What type of collagen is found in spleen, liver, lymph nodes, smooth muscle, skin and lungs?
III
30
What amino acid is measured to calculate the concentration of collagen?
hydroxyproline
31
What is the most abundant protein in the human body?
collagen
32
What are the two ways to turnover collagen?
proteolytic degradation and phagocytic degradation. lysosomal hydrolases play a big role in this
33
What's the name of the cells that synthesize collagen?
fibroblasts
34
What stain can be used to detect reticular fibers (collagen type III)?
silver stains because reticular fibers are argyrophilic (silver loving), PAS positive as well
35
What staining techniques can be used to identify fibers and lamellae?
Resourcin-fuchsin and Verhoeff
36
What is the composition of elastic fiber?
proelastin (desmosine and isodesmosine) microfibril-associated glycoprotein fibrillin (I & II)
37
What disease is associated with defect in type III collagen? Symptoms: varicose veins, aortic rupture, and intestinal rupture
Ehlers-Danlos type IV
38
What disease is associated with defective hydroxylation of lysine? Symptoms: hyperelasticity of the skin, rupture of the eyeball
Ehlers-Danlos type VI
39
What disease is associated with defective type I collagen? Symptoms: joint dislocation and hypermobility of joints.
Ehlers-Danlos type VII
40
What disease is associated with decreased hydroxylation of proline caused by a deficiency in vitamin C? Symptoms: gum ulceration and hemorrhages
Scurvy
41
What disease is associated with defect in the synthesis of type I collagen? Symptoms: spontaneous fractures and cardiac insufficiency.
Osteogenesis imperfecta
42
What disease is associated with defective synthesis of elastic fibers? Symptoms: aortic aneurysm or rupture, myopia, detached lens, skeletal defects (long thin arms, legs, toes, and fingers), pectus excavatum (sternum caves in) and scoliosis
Marfan Syndrome
43
What is the basal lamina composed of?
lamina lucida and lamina densa
44
What is the basement membrane composed of?
basal lamina plus lamina fibroreticularis
45
What is the function of collagen VII in the basement membrane?
it serves to anchor the lamina densa and lamina fibroreticularis
46
What is fibroreticularis?
fibronectin and types I & III collagen
47
What staining technique can be used to identify membranous nephropathy?
silver methenamine stain
48
What adhesive glycoproteins can be found in basal lamina?
laminin and entactin
49
What adhesive glycoproteins can be found in embryonic tissue?
fibronectin and tenascin
50
What adhesive glycoproteins can be found in cartilage?
chondronectin
51
What adhesive glycoproteins can be found in bone?
osteonectin
52
What adhesive glycoproteins can be found in blood plasma?
fibronectin
53
What adhesive glycoproteins can be found in connective tissue?
fibronectin
54
What does fibronectin bind to?
``` integrins collagen heparin heparan sulfate hyaluronic acid ```
55
What does laminin bind to?
integrins heparan sulfate collagen (IV) entactin
56
What does entactin bind to?
laminin integrin type IV collagen
57
What does tenascin bind to?
syndecans and fibronectin
58
What does chondronectin bind to?
collagen (II) chondrotin sulfates hyaluronic acid integrins of chondrocytes
59
What does osteonectin bind to?
collagen (I) proteoglycans integrins of bone cells (osteocytes and osteoblasts)
60
Where will you find type I collagen?
``` dermis tendon bone dentin cementum fibrocatilage organ capsules ```
61
Where will you find type II collagen?
hyalin and elastic cartilage
62
Where will you find type III collagen?
``` spleen liver lymph nodes smooth muscle skin lung ```
63
Where will you find type IV collagen?
basal lamina
64
Where will you find type VII collagen?
dermis

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