Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cell Bio > Cell 1 > Flashcards

Cell 1 Flashcards

1
Q

List three cellular constituents

A

organelles
inclusions
cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define cytoplasm

A

Part of the cell external to the nucleus. Also suspends organelles and inclusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define cytosol (cytoplasmic matrix)

A

portion of the cytoplasm without organelles and inclusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are inclusions?

A

nonliving entities found in the cytoplasm and nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some examples of inclusions?

A

stored food, pigments, crystalline in composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Are proteins stored in the cytoplasm as inclusions?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the stored foods in the cytoplasm?

A

Glycogen and Fat droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What cells contain an abundant of glycogen?

A

liver and striated muscle cells (skeletal and cardiac)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Glycogen can be seen with which stain?

A

PAS reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is McArdle disease?

A

myophosphorylase deficiency - glycogen storage disease due to genetic defect in muscle phosphorylase and is specific to skeletal muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where do you see the accumulations of glycogen in McArdle disease?

A

sarcolemma (plasma membrane of muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A patient presents to the clinic complaining of cramping during strenuous exercise leading to exercise intolerance. Myoglobin is found to be elevated with exercise, creatine kinase is also elevated, and venous lactate level does not increase with exercise. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

McArdle disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are examples of fat droplets as stored foods?

A

adipocytes, hepatocytes, muscle, and steroid-secreting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where do you see lipids accumulation in lipid storage disease?

A

fatty liver (alcoholic and non-alcoholic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do lipids show up in stains usually?

A

empty light areas (washed out during tissue processing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hepatocytes in fatty liver will have what kind of appearance?

A

signet ring due to fat displacing the nucleus to the cell’s periphery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are two types of pigments?

A

exogenous and endogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is responsible for yellow-orange color of white fat?

A

carotene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is carotene?

A

exogenous pigment that is fat soluble. gives an orange colored pigment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is carotenemia? And is it reversible?

A

Benign condition that causes yellow pigmentation of the skin. It is reversible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is inhaled dust?

A

exogenous pigment that gets phagocytized by macrophages in the lungs. aka carbon particle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is anthracosis?

A

accumulation of carbon particles in lungs and regional lymph nodes. condition is harmless.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why do tattoos stay on the skin?

A

Tattoos are exogenous pigments that are stored by macrophages of the dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What endogenous pigments can be found in the body?

A

hemoglobin, hemosiderin, bilirubin, melanin, and lipofuscin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where are hemoglobin and myoglobin found?

A

hemoglobin - RBCs

myoglobin - striated muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

blue pigmented skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is hemosiderin?

A

iron containing pigment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where are hemosiderin found?

A

macrophages of the spleen and liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the color of hemosiderin in a H&E stain?

A

brown

30
Q

What stain can be used specifically for hemosiderin?

A

Prussian blue

31
Q

What is hemosiderosis?

A

increased deposition of hemosiderin in tissues and organs

32
Q

Under what conditions do you see hemosiderosis?

A
  • increased absorption of iron in diet
  • impaired use of iron by the body
  • hemolytic anemias
  • transfusions
33
Q

What is hemochromatosis?

A

more severe accumulation of iron due to a genetic defect resulting in excessive iron absorption or transfusion

34
Q

When hemosiderin is found in cardiac cells, what could it be indicative of?

A
  • heart failure cells (macrophages)

- congestive heart failure

35
Q

What color does bilirubin produce?

A

yellow-brown pigment

36
Q

In what conditions do you see elevated levels of bilirubin?

A

liver and biliary disease, for example

- causes jaundice (yellowing of skin and sclera)

37
Q

What is another term for jaundice?

A

icterus

38
Q

What are the three types of melanin?

A

eumelanin, neuromelanine, phaeomelanin

39
Q

What color pigment does eumelanin produce?

A

brown-black

40
Q

Where is eumelanin normally found?

A

membrane-limited granules in the epidermis and pigment layer of retina

41
Q

Where will you find the nucleus of eumelanin?

A

supranuclear location - the nucleus is located above the melanin as a protection mechanism for DNA

42
Q

What two conditions will you see increased production of eumelanin?

A

in response to UV radiation and in Addison’s disease in response to elevated ACTH

43
Q

Eumelanin is absent in albinos, why?

A

absence of tyrosinase

44
Q

What color pigment does neuromelanin have?

A

black-brown pigment

45
Q

Where is neuromelanin found?

A

neurons

46
Q

Where is neuromelanin found most abundant at?

A

most pigmented areas in the brain are the substantia nigra (black substance) and locus coeruleus

47
Q

What function does neuromelanin have?

A

putative neuroprotective

48
Q

Where are the granules limited to in neuromelanin?

A

membrane-limited granules

49
Q

What is observed in the nerve cells of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Depigmentation of dopaminergic cells in nerve cells located in the substantia nigra

50
Q

Which type of melanin is responsible for red color hair?

A

phaeomelanin

51
Q

What is the downside to having red hair?

A

not protective against UV radiation

52
Q

What color pigment does lipofuscin have?

A

brownish-yellow pigment

53
Q

Where does lipofuscin accumulate?

A

long-lived cells such as neurons and cardiac and skeletal muscle cells

54
Q

Accumulation of lipofuscin is a measure of what?

A

cellular stress

55
Q

Accumulation of lipofuscin is observed in what type of conditions?

A

severe malnutrition and cachexia

56
Q

Inclusions can also be found in organelles where their presence is a feature of disease. Give an example of such condition.

A

Nuclear inclusions seen with cytomegalovirus infections

57
Q

What is lipofuscin?

A

polymer of lipids and phospholipids complexed with proteins

58
Q

In a H&E stain, a structure is observed to be dark blue and is surrounded by a clear halo, what might this structure be?

A

intranuclear inclusion body (cytomegalovirus)

59
Q

Where are crystalline inclusions found?

A
  • Leydig cells (crystal of Reinke)

- Sertoli cells of the testis (inclusion of Charcot-Bottcher)

60
Q

What organelle separates the cell’s internal environment from its external environment?

A

Plasmalemma (plasma membrane)

It is an organelle!!

61
Q

Plasmalemma represents what fraction of the total membrane of a cell?

A

2-5%

62
Q

What imaging tool can be used to see plasmalemma?

A

electron microscopy (it’s only 7.5 to 10nm thick!)

63
Q

What are the three types of lipids in the lipid bilayer? Which is the most abundant?

A

Phospholipids (most abundant)
Glycolipids
Cholesterol

64
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in the lipid bilayer?

A

strengthens the lipid bilayer and makes it less deformable, thus less permeable to small, water-soluble molecules

65
Q

What are the two types of proteins found in the lipid bilayer?

A

peripheral and integral

66
Q

What are lipid rafts?

A

small areas of membranes where sphingolipids and cholesterol are chiefly concentrated.

67
Q

What is the function of lipid rafts?

A

signaling platform where certain specific signaling proteins aggregate and serve as signals

68
Q

Some cancer cell types have greater concentrations of cholesterol, this correlates with what?

A

More lipid rafts

69
Q

What drug has been shown to reduce raft formation? And what is its mechanism?

A

Simvastatin, cholesterol inhibitor, induces apoptosis by reducing raft formation

70
Q

What is down regulated in lipid raft reduction?

A

cell survival signaling molecule, Akt receptor (protein kinase)

71
Q

What is the most abundant organelle in hepatocytes?

A

mitochondria

72
Q

What part of the cell can flex between soluble and gelatinous in some regions?

A

cytoplasm (gel/sol phase)

Cell Bio (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions