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Cell Bio > Cell 6 > Flashcards

Cell 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Enzymes from what organelles are required for steroid hormone synthesis?

A

mitochondrial and sER enzymes

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2
Q

What stain is used to see the ragged red fiber of the mitochondria in MERRF?

A

Gomori trichrome stain (MERRF- myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers)

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3
Q

What is myoclonus?

A

involuntary twitching (can be both normal and pathologic depending)

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4
Q

What are the functions of peroxisomes?

A

1) beta oxidation of FFAs
2) plasmalogen synthesis
3) regulate H2O2
4) kill pathogens
5) oxidize EtOH (detoxification in cooperation with sER)

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5
Q

What is Zellweger syndrome?

A

impaired import of enzymes into peroxisomes

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6
Q

What are the types of cytoskeletal elements?

A

microtubules
microfilaments
thick filaments
intermediate filaments

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7
Q

What are the types of filaments?

A

actin (thin)
intermediate
myosin (thick)

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8
Q

Are cytoskeletal elements considered organelles?

A

yes

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9
Q

What is dynein?

A

ATPase that allow specialized structures such as cilia and flagella to have movement (ATP-dependent)

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10
Q

What functions are microtubules involved in?

A

mitosis and directing flow of traffic by serving as “tracks” like railways (ATP-dependent)

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11
Q

What is kinesin?

A

microtubule motor that transports cargo from negative end of the microtubule to the positive end of the microtubule along its tracks

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12
Q

What microtubule motor moves material from the positive end to the negative end of a microtubule?

A

dynein

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13
Q

What is the normal function of a tau protein?

A

they form crosslink with 2 microtubules to help organize and stabilize the array of microtubules in a given cell type

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14
Q

What happens to tau proteins in Alzheimer’s?

A

they become hyperphosphorylated and destabilize the microtubules. the tau proteins will accumulate in the cytoplasm of the nerve cell, leading to formation of neurofibrillary tangles

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15
Q

What happens to the neurofibrillary tangles after death of a cell?

A

the tangles remain because they are resistant to proteolysis

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16
Q

What staining technique can be used to identify actin microfilaments?

A

immunocytochemistry

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17
Q

At which end do actin microfilaments grow?

A

from the positive end, like microtubules

18
Q

At which end do actin microfilaments disassemble?

A

negative end, just like microtubules

19
Q

What inhibits actin polymerization?

A

cytochalasins

20
Q

What structures are actin microfilaments found in?

A

microvilli, cell cortex, adherens belt, filopodia, lamellipodium, stress fibers, and contractile ring (mitosis)

21
Q

Where will you find cytokeratins?

A

epithelial cell

22
Q

Where will you find desmin?

A

muscle (smooth and striated)

23
Q

Where will you find glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)?

A

astrocytic glial cells

24
Q

Where will you find neurofilament protein?

A

neurons

25
Q

Where will you find nuclear lamin?

A

nucleus of all cells

26
Q

Where will you find vimentin?

A

many mesodermal tissues

27
Q

Why is it important to know where intermediate filaments are localized?

A

important in identifying the source of a tumor. if 2 diff. filaments are found in the same cell, it means it is a more aggressive tumor

28
Q

What is the difference between neurofilaments and glial intermediate filaments?

A

neurofilaments add great tensile strength to axons by extensive cross bridges. Glial intermediate filaments do not have much cross bridges

29
Q

What kind of inclusions will you find in hepatocytes of a patient who is alcoholic?

A

inclusions composed of keratin intermediate filaments

30
Q

What is epidermolysis bullosa simplex?

A

mutations in keratin gene prevent keratin from assembling into strong networks. result in blistering of the skin due to the synthesis of defective keratins

31
Q

What are Rosentha’s fibers?

A

aggregates of GFAP and other proteins. characteristic of pilocytic astrocytoma (tumor of glial cell)

32
Q

How are centrioles positioned inside a centrosome?

A

perpendicular to each other

33
Q

How are centrioles organized?

A

9 triplet sets of microtubules (9x3)

34
Q

What is the function of centrosomes, especially centrioles?

A

they serve as mitotic microtubule organizing center (MTOC)

35
Q

What cells have two nucleus?

A

multi-nucleated cells such as muscle cells and liver cells as well

36
Q

Describe the nuclear envelope

A

2 lipid bilayers forming a perinuclear space between them

37
Q

Which layer of the nuclear envelope is usually continuous with rER?

A

outer membrane

38
Q

Can nucleus have more than one nucleolus?

A

yes

39
Q

What’s in Cajal bodies?

A

contain the molecular machinery involved in splicing a pre-mRNA

40
Q

What are PML (promeloctic leukemia bodies) bodies?

A

involved in DNA repair and initiating apoptosis

Cell Bio (11 decks)

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