extra bits pack Flashcards
express 6.3621 to two decimal figures
6.36
express 6.3621 to two significant figures
6.4
represent 71897.04 in standard form
7.189704 times 10 to the power of 4
How do you calculate frequency density for a histogram
divide frequency by the class width
how do you obtain the frequency from a histogram
Find the area of the box will give you te frequency
what are the three criteria that have to be met to use a parametric inferential statistic test
-interval level data
-normal distribution of results
-all groups in the research have a similair variance
what is a type 1 error
occurs when in research when we reject the null hypothesis and erroneously state that the study found significant differences when there indeed was no difference
what is a type 2 error
This is where researchers may think that the have not found a significant result when they have False negative
which error type 1 or type 2 is most common
The error that is most common is a type 1 error because research that is reporting an effect has been much more likely to be published than research that acceots the null hypothesis
how does having normal distribution link to parametric tests
having normally distributed data is one of the three conditions that needs to be met for a reader to use a parametric inferential test
what does this sign mean =
equal to
what does this sign mean <
less than
what does this sign mean «
much less than
what does this sign mean >
more than
what does this sign mean»_space;
much more than
what does this sign mean ~
approximately
what is the definition of internal reliability
the consistency pf a measuring device
what is the defininiton of external reliability
the consistency of a studies findings
what are the three methods of checking the reliability of a test or study
split half method
test retest method
inter rater reliability
what is the definnition of split half method
-measures the extent to which all parts of the test contribute equally to what is being measured
-compare one half of the questions to scores from the other half of the questions
what is the definition of testretest method
-measures stability of atest over time
-giving the participants the same test at a different point in time and check whether their scores are consistent
what is the definition of inter rater reliability
the degree to which different raters five consistent estimates of the same behaviour
what are all the types of internal validity
face
concurrent
construct
criterion
what is the definition of face validity
Whether a test appears to be measuring what it intends to
what is the definition of concurrent validity
Where a test or study measure gives the same result as another test or study studying the same concept
what is the definition of criterion validity
refers to how much one test or measure predicts future performance on another test or measure
what is the definition of construct validity
refers to whethe a test or study actually measures the concept it sets out to measure and extraneou svariables are controlled
what are the types of external validity
population
ecological
what is the definition of population validity
refers to the degree to which the sample used in the research is representative of a diverse group of people
what is the definition of ecological validity
refers to how accurately a piece of reserach reflects real life si uatuoins
what is the difference between representiveness and generelisebility
representativeness
-refers to the sample in the research. If the sample is diverse and includes people from different ages, genders and occupations etc
genereliseable
-Refers to the results of the research if the sample used is biased, it cannot be generelised
what is the difference between demand charecteristics and social desireability
demand charecteristics
-occur when participants work out what the aim of the research is beccause it is obvious or as a rsult of repeated measures design. They may then change their behaviour and act in a way that they think the researchers want them to act
social desireability
-refers to when participants change their behaviour to present an image of being a good member of society or to fit in th social norm
what is the difference between researchier bias and researcher effects
researcher bias
-Refers to the way which the researcher collects and interprets the results of the research. They may interpret the behaviour based on their prior expectations and therefore this would lower the validity of the findings.
researcher effects
-refers to the way that participants behaviour is influences by the presence of the researcher
what are the four ethical guidelines
respect
competence
responsibility
integrity
what comes under the ethical guideline respect
-informed consent
right to withdraw
confidentiality
what comes under the ethical guideline competence
researchers need to operate within their capabilities and not give advice beyond that which they are qualified to give
what comes under the ethical guideline responsibility
-protection from harm
-debrief
what comes under the ethical guideline integrity
-deception
what are the 7 sections of a practical report
Abstract
introduction
method
results
discussion
references
appendices
What is the abstract of a report
summarises research and report
what is the introduction of a report
discussess previous research/ reports
what is the method of the report
procedure
what is the results of the report
contains raw data
what is the discussion of a report
look at what was found
what are the references of a report
any work from authors used
what is the appendices from a report
any relevant materials used from the study
what are the 7 things you should include while you are citing academic references
author or authors surname followed by initials of the first name
year of publication (in brckets)
article title (in brackets)
journal titile (in italics)
volume of journal
issue number of journal (in brackets)
page range of article
what is meant by peer review
the process of evaluating research before it is published to ensure its quality and validity. This process is carried out by experts in the field of psychology
what are the benefits of peer review
Can be used to check that research will
be useful before it is funded.
● Ensures only the most relevant and
robust research is published.
● It ensures that only valid results are
published so the journals retain their
reputation.
what are the negatives of peer review
Can take a long time.
● Some reviewers may not pass research
that contradicts their own.
● May not be possible to detect research
that has used false data.
what is the definition of the study of cause and effect
when a researcher can show that one variable is causing a change in another variable
what is the definition of falsifiability
the ability to prove a claim wrong
what is the definition of replicability
the ability to repeat and therefore test to see if a piece of research is reliable
what is the definition of induction
empirical research is carried out and THEN a theory is developed to make a sense of things
what is the definition of objective
when a claim is a matter of fact and not opinion
what is the definition of deduction
A theory is developed and THEN empirical research is carried out to see if the theory is correct
what is the definition of hypothesis testing
based on psychological theory, a predicition is made about how participants would be expected to behave which can be tested through reserach
what is the definition of controls
this is imposed on experiments to make sure that the results are due to the independant variable rather than extraneous variables
what is the definition of standardisation
the test consitions are kept the same for all particpants
what is interval level data
This is any data that involves the use of a universal scale e.g time in seconds
what is ordinal level data
This is data that can be ranked e.g score out of 10 on memory test
what is nominal data
This is the lwest level of dta usually to closed questions
what are the strengths of nominal level data
Quick and easy to obtain because it is just
a headcount
Can be displayed in pie charts (which can
be easily made sense of)
what are the weaknesses of nominal level data
Can only analyse the mode of data and
cannot calculate the mean or median
Cannot analyse measures of dispersion (such
as range and standard deviation)
Less precise as data is grouped into
categories (we don’t know how individual
participants scored)
what are the positives of ordinal level data
Can calculate mean, median and mode as
measures of central tendency (so more
detailed)
Can also calculate measures of dispersion
Can calculate individual scores of
participants and see how they differ
what are the negatives of ordinal level data
Ordinal data can be subjective (as people
may interpret rating scales differently)
Although we can work out the rank order of
participants, we don’t always know the exact
difference between individual scores
Worse than nominal because:
More time consuming and complex to analyse
what are the positives of interval level data
Can calculate mean, median and mode as
measures of central tendency
Can also calculate measures of dispersion
Can calculate individual scores of
participants and see how they differ
Better than ordinal because:
Scores can be compared directly as precise
values are recorded (i.e. you can see the actual difference between scores rather
than just the rank position)
The scores are more consistent as the
same universal scale is used (e.g. a cm is
always measured in the same way)
what are the negatives of interval level data
Can only be used with concepts that are
measurable through universal scales (can’t
be used with attitudes, opinions, etc.)
Worse than nominal because:
More time consuming and complex to
analyse
