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unit 1 psychology > Experiments Pack > Flashcards

Experiments Pack Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a laboratory experiment

A

This is where the IV is manipulated by the researcher and the experiment is carried out in a laboratory or other contrived setting away from the participants environment

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2
Q

What is a field experiment

A

The IV is manipulated by the researcher but this the experiment is carried out using participants in their normal surroundings

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3
Q

what is a quasi experiment

A

The IV is naturally occuring e.g weather

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4
Q

what are advantages of lab experiments

A

easily replicable
reliable
controlled extraneous variables

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5
Q

what are the disadvantages of a lab experiment

A

lacks ecological validity
higher chance of demand charecteristics

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6
Q

what are the advantages of a field experiment

A

strong in ecological validity
lesser chance of demand charecteristic

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7
Q

what are the disadvantages of a field experiment

A

cant control environment
harder to repeat
hard to control extraneous variables

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8
Q

what are the advantages of a quasi experiment

A

strong ecological validity

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9
Q

what are the disadvantages of a quasi experiment

A

not easily replicable
cannot control the IV

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10
Q

what is an experimental condition

A

this experiences the change ir manipulation

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11
Q

what is a control condition

A

this experiences no change or manipulation

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12
Q

what is an independant variable

A

This is the variable that is changed during an experiment

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13
Q

what is a dependant variable

A

This is what you are measuring in an experiment

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14
Q

what is a control variable

A

this is a variable that is kept the same when you do the experiment

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15
Q

what are the three different types of experimental design

A

repeated measures design
independant measures design
matched participants design

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16
Q

what is the repeated measures design

A

This involves using the same people in each condition

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17
Q

what is the independent measures design

A

This involves using different people in each condition

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18
Q

what is the matched participants design

A

This involves using different people in each condition but an attempt is made to make the participants as similair as possible on certain key charecterisitics

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19
Q

what are the advantages of repeated measures design

A

particicpant variables

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20
Q

what are the disadvantages of repeated measures design

A

demand charecteristocs may be common
order effects

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21
Q

what are the advantages of independent measures design

A

order effects

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22
Q

what are the disadvantages of independent measures design

A

participant variables

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23
Q

what are the advantages of matched participants design

A

less chance of demand charecteristics
no order effects

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24
Q

what are the disadvantages of matched participants design

A

participant variables
time consuming
high effort

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25
Q

what are extraneous variables

A

any variable not being investigated that may have an effect on the results of the research.( construct validity )

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26
Q

what are the four extraneous variables

A

order effects
environmental variables
participant variables
demand charecteristics

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27
Q

what are order effects

A

when the results are affected by the repitition of a task and not the IV
likely to be a problem for repeated measures design

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28
Q

what are environmental variables

A

when the results are influenced by the environment they are in and not the IV
most common in a field experiment as the environment cannot be controlled

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29
Q

what are participant variables

A

when the results are influenced by the individual charecteristics of a participant and not the IV
Most common in individual design as using different participants for each condition

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30
Q

what are demand charecteristics

A

when the participants do not act naturally as they know the aim of the study
most common in a lab experiment and repeated measures design

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31
Q

what is an alternative hypothesis

A

this predicts how one variable is likely to affect another variable. an alternative hypothesis always predicts that the IV WILL effect the DV

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32
Q

what is a null hypothesis

A

predicts that their will be NO EFFECT

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33
Q

What is a two tailed hypothesis

A

A hypothesis where they make no decision on which way the IV will affect they DV they just say it will effect it

34
Q

what is a one tailed hypothesis

A

this predicts he way in which the IV will effect the dv e.g the biv will sinificantly improve this

35
Q

what is operationalisation

A

this refers to the process of making variables physically measurable or testable.For example creating a measure for happiness

36
Q

what is the target population

A

the group of people the researcher is interested in studying

37
Q

what is a sample

A

the actual group of participants used in the research

38
Q

what are the four different types of sampling

A

self selecting
opportunity
random
snowball

39
Q

what is self selecting sampling

A

This is when people volunteer to take place in a study

40
Q

what is opportunity sampling

A

a sample of participants produced by selecting those who are most readily available ata a given time and place

41
Q

what is random sampling

A

a technique in which each member of the target population has a equal chance of being selected

42
Q

what is snowball sampling

A

when participants are asked to contact their friends and family to also take part in the research. they in turn then ask other people

43
Q

what are the advantages of self selecting sampling

A

participants are willing to take part in the research
avoids researcher bias

44
Q

what are the disadvantages of self selecting sampling

A

may be demand charecteristics
not as generalisable as only people that want to take part in the study confident/ extroverts

45
Q

what are the advantages of opportunity sampling

A

more convenient
easy
quick

46
Q

what are the disadvantages of opportunity sampling

A

more ethnocentric as only in one place
not generalsiable

47
Q

what are the advantages of random sampling

A

representative of population
no researcher bias

48
Q

what are the disadvantages of random sampling

A

participants may not be willing to take part in the study

49
Q

what are the advantages of snowball sampling

A

easy to get participants
large sample size

50
Q

what are the disadvantages of snowball sampling

A

not generalisable as all friends and family so similar characteristics

51
Q

what are the 4 ethical considerations

A

respect
competence
responsibility
integrity

52
Q

what is qualitative data

A

data that is NOT represented by numbers

53
Q

what is quantitative data

A

data that IS represented by numbers

54
Q

what are the positives of quantitative data

A

easily comparable
easily analysed
easy to plot into graphs

55
Q

what are the negatives of quantitative data

A

their is no reason for why the data is like that

56
Q

what are the positives of qualitative data

A

specific data
explains reasons for results

57
Q

what are the negatives of qualitative data

A

hard to compare
hard to plot into graphs

58
Q

what are the three measures off central tendency

A

mean
median
mode

59
Q

how do you calculate the mean

A

+ up all the numbers
divide by how many different numbers there are

60
Q

how do you calculate the median

A

place numbers in order of smallest to largest
the median is the middle value

61
Q

how do you calculate the mode

A

it is the most common value in a set of results
whichever value appeared most in the results

62
Q

what are the advantages of the mean

A

all data is included no data is missing

63
Q

what are the disadvantages off the mean

A

outlier sores can skew the results to not reflect most participants

64
Q

what are the advantages of the median

A

not affected by outlier scores

65
Q

what are the disadvantages of the median

A

doesn’t take into account all of the data

66
Q

what are the advantages of the mode

A

mode can be used for non numerical data

67
Q

what are the disadvantages of the mode

A

impossible to calculate if all data is different

68
Q

what are the three measures of dispersion

A

range
variance
standard deviation

69
Q

how do you calculate the range

A

subtract the smallest value from the largest value

70
Q

how do you calculate the variance

A
  • for each condition calculate the mean score
  • within each condition you then subtract the mean off of each participants score. This gives you the ‘d’ (the difference)
  • you then square each d score
  • you then add all the d squared scores together
    -divide the value ion all added together by n-1 meaning the number of different values subtract one
71
Q

how do you calculate the standard deviation

A

square root the variance

72
Q

what are the advantages of the range

A

quick
easy to calculate

73
Q

what are the disadvantages of the range

A

skewed by outlier scores. for example the anomalous scores are likely to be either the top or bottom value and that hugely affects the range

74
Q

what are the advantages of the variance

A

takes into account all of the data
less affected by outlier scores

75
Q

what are the disadvantages of the variance

A

only takes into account squared values and therefore not the original units of the data

76
Q

what are the advantages of the standard deviation

A

takes into account all of the data
brings values back to normal values

77
Q

what are the disadvantages of standard deviation

A

time consuming
difficult to calculate

78
Q

what is a single blind trial

A

the patients do not know which study group they are in
however research her do know which groups people are in

79
Q

what is a double blind trial

A

where the researchers and the participants don’t know which experimental condition they are in. for example the participants and the researcher wouldn’t know who is taking a placebo

80
Q

what is researcher bias

A

when the researchers beliefs or expectations influence the research design or data collection process

81
Q

what are researcher effects

A

when a researcher unintentionally or unconsciously influences the outcome of any research they are conducting

82
Q

what s a raw data table in psychology

A

data that has been collected by researchers but has not yet been processed or analysed

unit 1 psychology (6 decks)

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