Extra B3 stuff Flashcards
(GNATS - Gentamicin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin)
What drug class are they?
Aminoglycosides
MOA:
They Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis 30s subunit. Causes mRNA misreading.
● Resistance: Enzymatic modification.
● Side Effects: Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity
● Clinical Use: Gram-negative bacilli, synergistic with beta-lactams.
MOA:
They Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis 30s subunit. Causes mRNA misreading.
● Resistance: Enzymatic modification.
● Side Effects: Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity
● Clinical Use: Gram-negative bacilli, synergistic with beta-lactams.
Aminoglycosides
(GNATS - Gentamicin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin)
MOA:
They Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis 30s subunit. Causes mRNA misreading.
● Resistance: Enzymatic modification.
● Side Effects: Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity
● Clinical Use: Gram-negative bacilli, synergistic with beta-lactams.
Aminoglycosides
(GNATS - Gentamicin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin)
Which drugs cause hemolytic anemia in patients with G6PD Deficiency?
Dapsone, Sulfonamides. Antimalarials (primaquine, chloroquine)
● Side Effects: Hemolytic anemia in G6PD deficiency.
Dapsone, Sulfonamides. Antimalarials (primaquine, chloroquine) All cause which side effect?
● Side Effects: Hemolytic anemia in G6PD deficiency.
Primaquine, Chloroquine, Mefloquine, Artensuate
Antimalarials
What is the MOA of Primaquine? (antimalarial)
○ It interferes with the electron transport in the mitochondria of the malaria parasite,
which is crucial for its energy metabolism.
● Side Effects:
1) G6PD deficiency hemolysis
○ It interferes with the electron transport in the mitochondria of the malaria parasite,
which is crucial for its energy metabolism.
● Side Effects:
1) G6PD deficiency hemolysis
Primaquine
What is the MOA of Chloroquine? (antimalarial)
○It inhibits heme polymerization.
Clinical use:
Antimalarial used to treat P. vivax, P. ovale & some strains of P. falciparum
● Side Effects:
1) Retinopathy
● Resistance due to efflux pump
What is the MOA of Mefloquine? (antimalarial)
○ It disrupts heme detoxification within the parasite’s food vacuole.
What is the MOA of Artesunate? (antimalarial)
○ It is rapidly hydrolyzed to dihydroartemisinin, which generates free radicals that damages the proteins and membranes in the malaria parasite.
○ Treats chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum and P. vivax in pregnant females.
○It inhibits heme polymerization.
Clinical use:
Antimalarial used to treat P. vivax, P. ovale & some strains of P. falciparum?
● Side Effects:
1) Retinopathy
● Resistance due to efflux pump
○ Chloroquine
Antimalarial used to treat severe & complicated P. falciparum malaria?
Artesunate
What are the clinical uses of Artesunate?
○ Treats severe and complicated P. falciparum malaria
Rifampin, Isoniazid (INH), Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, & Streptomycin Are all examples of?
. Anti-TB: First Line Drugs (RIPES)
○ MOA:
Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, preventing RNA synthesis.
○ Side Effects:
1) Hepatotoxicity
2) orange body fluids (urine, tears, sweat)
3) flu-like symptoms
4) Can also induce cytochrome P-450 enzymes, causing drug-drug interactions
Rifampin
Rifampin
○ MOA:
Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, preventing RNA synthesis.
○ Side Effects:
1) Hepatotoxicity
2) orange body fluids (urine, tears, sweat)
3) flu-like symptoms
4) Can also induce cytochrome P-450 enzymes, causing drug-drug interactions
○ MOA:
Inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acids, essential components of the mycobacterial cell wall.
○ Side Effects:
1) Hepatotoxicity
2) peripheral neuropathy (preventable with pyridoxine/vit b6)
3) Can also cause drug-induced lupus.
Isoniazid (INH)
Isoniazid (INH)?
○ MOA:
Inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acids, essential components of the mycobacterial cell wall.
○ Side Effects:
1) Hepatotoxicity
2) peripheral neuropathy (preventable with pyridoxine/vit b6)
3) Can also cause drug-induced lupus.
○ MOA:
Disrupt mycobacterial cell membrane metabolism and transport functions.
○ Side Effects:
1) Hepatotoxicity
2) hyperuricemia (can precipitate gout attacks)
3) non-gout polyarthralgia.
● Pyrazinamide
● Pyrazinamide
○ MOA:
Disrupt mycobacterial cell membrane metabolism and transport functions.
○ Side Effects:
1) Hepatotoxicity
2) hyperuricemia (can precipitate gout attacks)
3) non-gout polyarthralgia.
○ MOA:
Inhibits arabinosyl transferase, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of the mycobacterial cell wall.
○ Side Effects:
1) Optic neuritis (leading to color blindness and visual field loss)
● Ethambutol
● Ethambutol
○ MOA:
Inhibits arabinosyl transferase, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of the mycobacterial cell wall.
○ Side Effects:
1) Optic neuritis (leading to color blindness and visual field loss)
○ MOA:
An aminoglycoside antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit of the mycobacterium.
○ Side Effects:
1) Ototoxicity (both auditory and vestibular)
2) nephrotoxicity
3) allergic reactions
● Streptomycin
Streptomycin?
○ MOA:
An aminoglycoside antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit of the mycobacterium.
○ Side Effects:
1) Ototoxicity (both auditory and vestibular)
2) nephrotoxicity
3) allergic reactions
● MOA:
Inhibit DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV.
● Resistance: Mutation in DNA gyrase, efflux pumps.
● Side Effects: Tendon rupture, QT prolongation.
● Clinical Use: Broad spectrum - respiratory, urinary, GI infections.
Fluoroquinolones
What is the MOA of Fluoroquinolones?
● MOA:
Inhibit DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV.
● MOA:
Inhibit DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV.
Fluoroquinolones
How do organisms develop resistance against fluoroquinolones?
● Resistance: Mutation in DNA gyrase, efflux pumps.
What are the adverse effects of Fluoroquinolones?
Side Effects:
1) Tendon rupture
2) QT prolongation.
Side Effects:
1) Tendon rupture
2) QT prolongation.
Fluoroquinolones
What are the clinical uses of Fluoroquinolones?
● Clinical Use: Broad spectrum - respiratory, urinary, GI infections.
● Clinical Use: Broad spectrum - respiratory, urinary, GI infections.
Fluoroquinolones
Aminoglycosides and Tetracyclines
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors: 30S inhibitors
“Buy AT 30, SELL at 50”
Streptogramin, Erythromycin, Lincosamides, and Linezolid
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors: 50S inhibitors
“Buy AT 30, SELL at 50”
■ MOA: Bind to 30S. Interferes with initiation complex of protein synthesis.
■ Note: These are bactericidal and are primarily effective against aerobic Gram-negative bacteria.
Aminoglycosides (e.g., Gentamicin, Streptomycin):
■ MOA:
They bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit and prevent the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex.
■ Mechanism of Resistance:
1) Efflux pumps (actively pumping the drug out of the
bacterial cell)
2) Ribosomal protection (altering the ribosomal binding site to reduce drug binding).
■ Note: These are generally bacteriostatic and have a broad spectrum of activity, including against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as atypical organisms.
○ Tetracyclines (e.g., Doxycycline, Tetracycline):
What is the MOA of Tetracyclines?
■ MOA:
They bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit and prevent the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex.
■ MOA:
They bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit and prevent the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex.
Tetracyclines
What is the MOA of Aminoglycosides?
■ MOA: Bind to 30S. Interferes with initiation complex of protein synthesis.
■ MOA: Bind to 30S. Interferes with initiation complex of protein synthesis.
Aminoglycosides
■ MOA:
They bind to the 50S subunit, but they do so in a sequential manner. One component inhibits the early phase of protein synthesis, while the other inhibits the late phase. Together, they produce a
synergistic bactericidal effect.
■ Note: Used mainly for resistant Gram-positive infections.
○ Streptogramins (e.g., Quinupristin/Dalfopristin)
■ MOA:
These drugs bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit and block the translocation step of protein synthesis.
○ Erythromycin (and other Macrolides):
What is the MOA of Erythromycin (and other Macrolides)?
■ MOA:
These drugs bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit and block the translocation step of protein synthesis.
■ MOA:
It binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit and prevents the formation of the 70S initiation complex.
■ Note: Mainly used for Gram-positive bacteria, including resistant strains such as MRSA and VRE.
○ Linezolid
What is the MOA of Streptogramins (e.g., Quinupristin/Dalfopristin)
■ MOA:
They bind to the 50S subunit, but they do so in a sequential manner. One component inhibits the early phase of protein synthesis (Quinupristin), while the other inhibits the late phase (Dalfopristin). Together, they produce a synergistic bactericidal effect.
What is the MOA of Linezolid?
■ MOA:
It binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit and prevents the formation of the 70S initiation complex.
■ MOA:
It binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibits peptide bond formation
○ Lincosamides (e.g., Clindamycin):
○ Lincosamides (e.g., Clindamycin):
■ MOA:
It binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibits peptide bond formation
● Drug: Doxycycline, Amoxicillin and Cefuroxime (in pregnancy). Are all examples of drugs to treat what?
Lyme Disease
Pregnancy: Amoxicillin and cefuroxime preferred due to teratogenic potential of doxycycline (bone abnormalities).
MOA: 2 DRUGS
1) Inhibits neuraminidase
2) Amantadine blocks viral uncoating.
● Resistance: Mutations in neuraminidase and targets M2 protein, respectively
● Clinical Use:
Influenza treatment and prophylaxis. (A for A) ________ for JUST Influenza A, & _____ for both
- Oseltamivir
- Amantadine
Which drugs are used to treat influenza viruses?
Amantidine for influenza A
Oseltamivir for Influenza A & B
Which Lyme disease treatment drugs are preferred & why?
Amoxicillin & Ceftriaxone (& other cephalosporins) because Doxycycline is a teratogen (bone abnormalities)
Antiherpes Drugs
● MOA:
Inhibit viral DNA polymerase.
● Resistance: Thymidine kinase mutations
● Clinical Use: Herpes simplex & Varicella-zoster
Acyclovir
● Classes: NRTIs, NNRTIs, Protease Inhibitors, Integrase Inhibitors. Are all examples of drugs that treat»>
HIV
What are the drugs of choice for treating CMV?
Ganciclovir & Valganciclovir (prodrug of ganciclovir)
What is the drug of choice for treating HSV & VZV?
Acyclovir
What are the drugs of choice when treating HBV?
IFN-a & Lamivudine
What is the drug of choice of treating influenza A & or B?
Oseltamivir
Atazanavir, Darunavir, Indinavir, Ritonavir are all examples of which class of drugs that treat which condition?
Protease inhibitors that inhibit HIV protein cleavage to treat HIV
Tenofovir, Emtricitabine, Lamivudine, Abacavir, & Zidovudine are all examples of which class of drugs that treat which condition?
NRTI’s that act as a nucleoside & nucleotide RT inhibitor to inhibit HIV DNA synthesis by terminating DNA chain elongation
Efavirenz & Nevirapine are all examples of which class of drugs that treat which condition?
NNRTI’s that act as allosteric RT inhibitors to inhibit HIV DNA synthesis by terminating DNA chain elongation
Dolutegravir & Raltegravir are all examples of which class of drugs that treat which condition?
Integrase inhibitors that inhibit HIV DNA integration into the hosts genome
Enfuvirtide is an example of which class of drugs that treat which condition?
Fusion inhibitor which prevents HIV fusion with a target cell membrane by binding to gp41
Maraviroc is an example of which class of drugs that treat which condition?
CCR5 antagonist tht inhibits HIV entry by blocking the HIV gp120allosteric interactions with CCR5
Zidovudine is associated with which side effect?
Myelosuppression/bone marrow suppression
Abacavir is associated with which side effect?
Fever & rash (allergic reaction)
Didanosine is associated with which side effect?
Pancreatitis
Stavudine is associated with which side effect?
Lipodystrophy
Lamivudine is associated with which side effect?
Least toxic form of Hep B
Tenofovir is associated with which side effect?
Gi upset
Azole, Amphotericin B, Caspofungin
Antifungal:
What is the MOA of Azoles?
● MOA:
inhibit ergosterol synthesis
What is the MOA of Amphotericin B
● MOA:
B binds ergosterol;