Extra anatomy bits Flashcards
Epithelium and cells in nasal cavity to bronchi?
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, with goblet cells and basal cells (t BM, stem cells)
Epithelium and cells in bronchioles?
simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium and club cells
Epithelium and cells in alveoli
Simple squamous type I pneumocyte, type II pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages
Where do you find cartilage
Trachea (C-shaped disk)
Bronchi (Cartilage plates)
Where do you find elastic fibres? What can go wrong?
Through the entire resp tract. Important in elastic recoil and tidal breathing
Emphysema (due to smoking and toxins): loss of elasticity and destruction of alveoli.
Where do you find collagen fibres? What can go wrong?
In the lamina propria of the main upper airways to increase tension and are also vital to the interalveolar septum
Fibrosis: inc collagen > thicker, stickier > Increase blood-air barrier > hypoxia
Where do you find smooth muscle? What can go wrong?
trachea to alveolar ducts. Most impact in bronchioles, where they control airway tone and flow.
Asthma
The mucus layer.
Produced by: seromucus glands of submucosa and goblet cells
Layers: Biphasic with a serous layer in which the cilia beat (and catch tips of mucus) and a gel layer above(catches particles) = mucociliary escalator
Also keeps airways HYDRATED
Small granule cells
endocrine cells that produce Histamine
Brush cells
sensory cells give a nervous response
Respiratory zone is where _____ can occur. It consists of _________.
Respiratory zone is where gas exchange can occur. It consists of
1) Respiratory bronchioles (17th, can undergo limited GE)
2) Alveolar ducts (entrances to alveoli)
3) alveolar sacs
4) Alveoli (21st-22nd)
How thick is the blood air barrier, and what does it consist of?
0.5 micrometres
Type 1 pneumocyte, fused BM and endothelial cell (capillary epithelium)
Whats the difference between a respiratory and a terminal bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole has alveolar ‘buds’ so can undergo limited GE
Club cells
Dome shaped secretory cells in the bronchioles.
Watery, antimicrobial secretion made of lipoproteins that prevent luminal adhesion (in the airwaywas to collapse)
Type I pneumocytes
95% of SA in alveoli. Simple squamous cells so barrier is as thin as possible, exchange bulk air.
Type II Pneumocytes
Ruffled border, secrete surfactant (95% phospholipids, 5% protein), that reduces ST thereby reducing the work of breathing.
Alveolar Macrophages
Wandering cells (in interstitium and alveoli) act as a last defense and eat bacteria. Can sometime be in (get stuck in) the interalveolar septum
Interalveolar Septum parts
1) Thin part: blood-air barrier
2) Thick part: Support between alveoli and a route for pulmonary vessel (collagen and elastin)
Contains macrophages, fibroblasts and lymph vessels
2 circuits of the lungs
Pulmonary Circuit: Low pressure system between the heart and lungs, where deox blood is carried to the alveoli for oxygenation
Bronchial Circuit: High pressure (systemic) system that supplies the conducting zone lung tissue with oxygen and nutrients, and removes waste
Where are the two anastamoses between the two circuits
Bronchopulmonary anastamoses from
Bronchial arteries> respiratory bronchiole
Capillaries > pulmonary veins (mixed venous blood)
Two circuits Function: Arteries: Veins: Pressures:
Pulmonary Circuit Function: conducting Arteries: next to bronchi Veins: in parenchyma Pressures: a= 25-15 v= 5-0
Bronchial circuit Function: to supply lung tissues with O2 (and remove CO2) Arteries: in airway walls Veins: anastamose and drain into azygos Pressures: a= 120-80>>40 v=
