Extra anatomy bits

Question 1

Epithelium and cells in nasal cavity to bronchi?

Answer 1

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, with goblet cells and basal cells (t BM, stem cells)

Question 2

Epithelium and cells in bronchioles?

Answer 2

simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium and club cells

Question 3

Epithelium and cells in alveoli

Answer 3

Simple squamous type I pneumocyte, type II pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages

Question 4

Where do you find cartilage

Answer 4

Trachea (C-shaped disk)

Bronchi (Cartilage plates)

Question 5

Where do you find elastic fibres? What can go wrong?

Answer 5

Through the entire resp tract. Important in elastic recoil and tidal breathing
Emphysema (due to smoking and toxins): loss of elasticity and destruction of alveoli.

Question 6

Where do you find collagen fibres? What can go wrong?

Answer 6

In the lamina propria of the main upper airways to increase tension and are also vital to the interalveolar septum
Fibrosis: inc collagen > thicker, stickier > Increase blood-air barrier > hypoxia

Question 7

Where do you find smooth muscle? What can go wrong?

Answer 7

trachea to alveolar ducts. Most impact in bronchioles, where they control airway tone and flow.
Asthma

Question 8

The mucus layer.

Answer 8

Produced by: seromucus glands of submucosa and goblet cells
Layers: Biphasic with a serous layer in which the cilia beat (and catch tips of mucus) and a gel layer above(catches particles) = mucociliary escalator

Also keeps airways HYDRATED

Question 9

Small granule cells

Answer 9

endocrine cells that produce Histamine

Question 10

Brush cells

Answer 10

sensory cells give a nervous response

Question 11

Respiratory zone is where _____ can occur. It consists of _________.

Answer 11

Respiratory zone is where gas exchange can occur. It consists of

1) Respiratory bronchioles (17th, can undergo limited GE)
2) Alveolar ducts (entrances to alveoli)
3) alveolar sacs
4) Alveoli (21st-22nd)

Question 12

How thick is the blood air barrier, and what does it consist of?

Answer 12

0.5 micrometres

Type 1 pneumocyte, fused BM and endothelial cell (capillary epithelium)

Question 13

Whats the difference between a respiratory and a terminal bronchiole

Answer 13

Respiratory bronchiole has alveolar ‘buds’ so can undergo limited GE

Question 14

Club cells

Answer 14

Dome shaped secretory cells in the bronchioles.

Watery, antimicrobial secretion made of lipoproteins that prevent luminal adhesion (in the airwaywas to collapse)

Question 15

Type I pneumocytes

Answer 15

95% of SA in alveoli. Simple squamous cells so barrier is as thin as possible, exchange bulk air.

Question 16

Type II Pneumocytes

Answer 16

Ruffled border, secrete surfactant (95% phospholipids, 5% protein), that reduces ST thereby reducing the work of breathing.

Question 17

Alveolar Macrophages

Answer 17

Wandering cells (in interstitium and alveoli) act as a last defense and eat bacteria. Can sometime be in (get stuck in) the interalveolar septum

Question 18

Interalveolar Septum parts

Answer 18

1) Thin part: blood-air barrier
2) Thick part: Support between alveoli and a route for pulmonary vessel (collagen and elastin)

Contains macrophages, fibroblasts and lymph vessels

Question 19

2 circuits of the lungs

Answer 19

Pulmonary Circuit: Low pressure system between the heart and lungs, where deox blood is carried to the alveoli for oxygenation

Bronchial Circuit: High pressure (systemic) system that supplies the conducting zone lung tissue with oxygen and nutrients, and removes waste

Question 20

Where are the two anastamoses between the two circuits

Answer 20

Bronchopulmonary anastamoses from

Bronchial arteries> respiratory bronchiole
Capillaries > pulmonary veins (mixed venous blood)

Question 21

Two circuits
Function:
Arteries:
Veins:
Pressures:

Answer 21

Pulmonary Circuit
Function: conducting
Arteries: next to bronchi
Veins: in parenchyma
Pressures: a= 25-15 v= 5-0 

Bronchial circuit
Function: to supply lung tissues with O2 (and remove CO2)
Arteries: in airway walls
Veins: anastamose and drain into azygos
Pressures: a= 120-80>>40  v=