Extra

Question 1

What are the fatty tags on the colon called?

Answer 1

Appendices epiploicae

Question 2

What separates caecum and the posterior abdominal wall?

Answer 2

Retrocaecal fossa

Question 3

Where does the superior mesenteric artery run in relation to the duodenum?

Answer 3

It descends over the third part of it

Question 4

In the rectal junction, how many folds are there and what sides are they usually on?

Answer 4

2 on left 1 on right

Question 5

Which arteries of the foregut do not have equivalent veins?

Answer 5

Coeliac and gastroduodenal

Question 6

Which side of the SMA is the SMV?

Answer 6

The right

Question 7

Where does the SMV become the portal vein?

Answer 7

Entry of the splenic vein

Question 8

What side of the IMA is the IMV?

Answer 8

Left

Question 9

Where is the portal vein formed in relation to the pancreas?

Answer 9

Behind the pancreas neck

Question 10

Where do the oesophageal veins drain?

Answer 10

Azygous (in thorax) and inferior thyroid (in neck) veins

Question 11

What might portal hypertension lead to?

Answer 11

Venous dilation, oesophageal varices, rectal haemmorrhoids

Question 12

Do GI lymph nodes pass in front, behind or laterally to the aorta?

Answer 12

In front

Question 13

What are the three main groups of lymph nodes in the GI tract?

Answer 13

coeliac, inferior mesenteric, superior mesenteric

Question 14

What is the lymphatic drainage of the rectum?

Answer 14

Superior is IM but lower is internal iliac lymph nodes

Question 15

What type of lymph nodes are the coeliac, inferior mesenteric and superior mesenteric?

Answer 15

Pre aortic

Question 16

Where do the coeliac, inferior mesenteric and superior mesenteric lymph nodes drain?

Answer 16

Into each other from below upwards, then into cisterna chyli

Question 17

Where do the contents of cisterna chyli go?

Answer 17

Thoracic duct which runs upwards and empties into the junction of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins (via the aortic hiatus T12)

Question 18

What is another name for the myenteric plexus?

Answer 18

Intrinsic plexus

Question 19

How many vagus nerves are there?

Answer 19

2

Question 20

When does pain become localised?

Answer 20

When it involves the parietal peritoneum

Question 21

How many hepatic veins are there usually?

Answer 21

3

Question 22

Where does the common bile duct run after it leaves the lesser omentum?

Answer 22

Posteriorly to the superior part of the duodenum

Question 23

At what part of the duodenum does the major duodenal papilla enter?

Answer 23

Second

Question 24

What drains into the duodenum about 2cm proximal to the major duodenal papilla?

Answer 24

Accessory pancreatic duct

Question 25

What might cancer of the head of the pancreas do?

Answer 25

Obstruct portal triad- jaundice

Question 26

What ribs is the spleen related to?

Answer 26

9-11

Question 27

How many branches does the splenic artery divide into before it enters the spleen?

Answer 27

4/5

Question 28

In which region of the kidney are the renal corpuscles found?

Answer 28

Cortex

Question 29

What is the blood supply to the supra-renal glands?

Answer 29

Superior supra renal artery from phrenic, middle from aorta and inferior from renal

Question 30

What is the path of the ureters?

Answer 30

Runs down onto psoas muscle, leaves here at bifurcatio of common iliac, passes into pelvis where it turns anteriorly and medially to enter the bladder

Question 31

What structure crosses the ureter just before it enters the bladder?

Answer 31

Gonadal artery

Question 32

What is the blood supply to the ureters?

Answer 32

Top- renal artery Middle- branch of aorta Bottom- branch of internal iliac

Question 33

Where does the iliohypogastric nerve originate? What does it supply?

Answer 33

L1, sensory to skin over lateral gluteal and suprapubis. Motor to transverse abdominis and internal oblique.

Question 34

Where does ilioinguinal nerve originate? what does it supply?

Answer 34

L1, pierces inguinal canal and passes through superficial ring only. Supplies root of penis and anterior scrotum/ mons pubis and labia majora.

Question 35

Where does the femoral nere run in relation to the inguinal ligament?

Answer 35

Under it next to external iliac artery

Question 36

What does the femoral nerve supply?

Answer 36

Upper anterior thigh

Question 37

Where does the genitofemoral nerve originate?

Answer 37

L1-L2

Question 38

What does the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve supply?

Answer 38

Scrotal skin/ mons pubis and labia majora

Question 39

What does quadratus lumborum do?

Answer 39

Vertebral column movement Stabilises rib 12 on forced expiration Ilium bone

Question 40

What does iliacus do?

Answer 40

Moves femur | Lifts trunk from supine position (sit ups)

Question 41

What does psoas major do?

Answer 41

Hip flexion and trunk movement

Question 42

What does psoas minor do?

Answer 42

Weak vertebral flexion

Question 43

Where is the retropubic space?

Answer 43

Posterior to the pubis, covered by the peritoneum.

Question 44

Why do the ureters pierce the bladder wall obliquey?

Answer 44

Provides a valve like action to prevent back flow

Question 45

What does a normal prostate have that is palpable and may be obliterated in patients with prostatic enlargement?

Answer 45

Posterior midline sulcus

Question 46

By what route does prostatic cancer sometimes spread to the vertebral column?

Answer 46

Via vertebral venous plexus

Question 47

What is the course of the vas deferens in relation to the ureter and bladder?

Answer 47

Runs anterior to the ureter and posterior to the bladder

Question 48

What are the external and internal os?

Answer 48

Openings of the cervix from the uterus and into the vagina

Question 49

What are vaginal fornixes?

Answer 49

Gutter like structure around the ectocervix

Question 50

What is the relationship between the uterine artery and the ureter?

Answer 50

'water under the bridge'- ureter runs under the uterine artery

Question 51

Where does fertilisation usually occur?

Answer 51

Ampulla of the uterine tube

Question 52

Which nerve lies adjacent to the ovary on the lateral wall of the pelvis?

Answer 52

Obturator nerve

Question 53

What are the mesenteries of the uterine tube, ovary and uterus?

Answer 53

Uterine tube- mesoalpinx Ovary- mesovarium Uterus- mesometrium

Question 54

What is the lymphatic drainage of the uterus?

Answer 54

Top- superficial inguinal Middle- deep inguinal Lower middle and anterior half of endo cervical canal- external iliac Bottom and posterior half endocervical canal- internal iliac

Question 55

What is the lymphatic drainage of the vagina?

Answer 55

Internal iliac

Question 56

What are the boundaries of the rectum?

Answer 56

Hollow of the sacrum (S3) to the anorectal junction at the pelvic floor.

Question 57

where does the external iliac artery pass in relation to the inguinal ligament?

Answer 57

Deep to it

Question 58

What is the blood supply of the prostate and seminal vesicles?

Answer 58

Inferior vesical arteries

Question 59

Where does lymph from most of the pelvic viscera drain? Where do these nodes drain?

Answer 59

Internal iliac --> common iliac --> lumbar

Question 60

What is the lymphatic drainage of the gonads?

Answer 60

Lumbar plexus

Question 61

What is the origin of the sacral plexus?

Answer 61

L4 and 5, S1-4

Question 62

Where do the sciatic and pudendal nerves originate?

Answer 62

The sacral plexus

Question 63

What is the parasympathetic outflow of the sacral plexus?

Answer 63

Pelvic splanchinic nerves (S2,3,4)

Question 64

What role do the pelvic splanchinic nerves play in micturation?

Answer 64

Inhibited which relaxes the detrusor muscle and IUS

Question 65

What is the sympathetic supply to the pelvic viscera?

Answer 65

Thoracic and lumbar splanchnic (from sympathetic chain to pelvis via superior hypogastric plexus then running with the arteries, joining the autonomic segment (pelvic splanchnic) in the inferior hypogastric plexus)

Question 66

Where does piriformis arise?

Answer 66

Anterior aspect of sacrum

Question 67

What is the blood supply to the anterior scrotum?

Answer 67

External pudendal from the femoral

Question 68

What is the lymphatic drainage of the anal canal?

Answer 68

Upper 2/3 internal iliac | Lower 1/3 external iliac

Question 69

What is the nerve supply to the anal canal?

Answer 69

Upper 2/3 hypogastric plexus (sensitive only to stretch) IAS is pelvic splanchnic Lower 1/3 Somatic inferior rectal nerve (S4) (sensitive to pain, temperature, touch, pressure)

Question 70

Where does the pudendal canal run?

Answer 70

The inferior of the lateral wall of the ischioanal fossa

Question 71

What is the nerve supply to the external urethral sphincter?

Answer 71

Deep branch of the perineal branch of the pudendal nerve

Question 72

What surrounds corpora cavernosa?

Answer 72

Ischiocavernosa

Question 73

What surrounds the bulb of the penis (corpus spongiosum)/clitoris?

Answer 73

bulbospongiosus

Question 74

What is the function of bulbospongiosus muscle?

Answer 74

Erection, ejaculation, last bit of micturation

Question 75

What is the function of ischiocavernosus muscle?

Answer 75

Stabilises erect penis, contracts vagina

Question 76

Which veins drain the penis?

Answer 76

Superficial and deep dorsal veins

Question 77

Which arteries contract to maintain erection?

Answer 77

Ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus

Question 78

What is the parasympathetic supply of the pelvic viscera?

Answer 78

pelvic splanchnic nerves S2, 3, 4